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LIBRARY 


OF THE 


MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 


13820 


~ Siiapebytddi 1 


= 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


6 = JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., 


MALCOLM BURR, D.SC., F.R.E.S. 
F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 


E.. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., 
F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. 


J. E. COLLIN, 1.P., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., 


H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 
G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.7.S. F.R.E.S., Editor Emeritus, 


and 
HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., ' 
Editorial Secretary. 


_ VOL. LVI (New Series). 
JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1944. 


PRICE 12s 6d. 


Special Index (with every Reference), 1s 6d, 


& 


g 
f 
SRA 
R 
| 


SPECTAL INDEX, 
By Hy: J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 
VOL. LVI. (New Series), 1944. 


The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. 


Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other Orders arranged by Species. 
Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new to 


Science with two asterisks. 


[Only those species are indexed, which have some 


biologic fact attached, or are uncommon. |] 


COLEOPTERA. 

PAGE 

aeruginosus, Longitarsus .................. 93 
(CHGITIVG ELE) Gop Aaa lita ee alt eS 102 
PUNE VISOWMPOUNO ACT 5.6. 5.c-c<3stceccceasceccccecutes 93 
PASC UAMISMEE DI NCRMNUIS | ....scscelcessscesesebes coon 96 
ERY CLT; OOM LAC oe eS ccacccscasacesseaaese 6 
AITO ATOES 0 Okie os. eh acodscewsssececestecctaceceeess 93 
AON UTATSUS ool. ..c. le Mecceccesoee A 
MISSErIMUS., MONLITATSUS - ...........c6+-+-- 94 
pellucidusy Lomegitarsus ............c0..-+-- 94 
i> EIPLOOGYO) MI ITI VE) 0 a oo UE rt 6 
EAM OS WAN OAC Uy Meni ceceaec tcc. ccccessss cesses cence 6 
septempunctata, Coccinella ............ 102 
PMIEGINEUS. LOWSITATSUS ~ s.c2..cicscdeescecee 94 

DIPTERA. 
DUMONT ETO MMOS AL © oo cocsceccccsesseaceecssoecees 7 
PRUE AN ENP ODOSCA: | Leccc..eccieseetecasenueet 22 
immaculata, Symphoromyia _.......... 46 
ILETTIOCIES = gucceasay ast Silee eree ae ea ae 46 
SMS ee OM OSUA! ici. scascccneest scocsessacbcnte fa 
SMG I MUNG Caemipner. cecal tysccoce waclcaadsonetecuss “ial 
MAA OMAS! OMMLOSTAGN 2:2. s.ccconcsccosce dss sees 71 
HYMENOPTERA. 

Abie nMIss APANtCEVES) L320. .c.cs0cesectensees 20 
ANTOR TTC ESI "Be ie S eieeuca te ee ee eee 20, 121 
baccarum, Spathegaster —.................. 121 
PeCONMESHNS: [APANTCIES 4 2..s.lecccccscsaecaees 20 
LONGMONT (ac ysacactoses scowesvecadicssesewes cannes 63 
allan sAmanGeles See se .cssccrcs Seas 20 
PUTA CAIUS SA PATILCLOS: ) alec... ccccccaceckvesss 20 
TL PEVSSIUO IS) wp SEAR ar eee Re lh at ce eee 61 
NENCEOSASHSRTMADC. Oo ie seaadecssascaselscccos dee se 19 
NY LTUCOTEO 22 IG RE Cia ee A ee eR a 20 
HEGUIMGULG “POMTANTAL 4.5.5. ccc scc cov seco cos 107 
SCONE a7 Ge an a i hae eee 26 
“septentrionalis, CraeSus  .........0:...2.:-- 107 
ASMthianus, BOMDUS  .....cc.cccscecscesavees 108 


LEPIDOPTERA. 

PAGE 
IA CLOMYG TMA Cu one: ceasac eee noreenea cece 8 
AAT PS — CY GMOM Cis eee sees eee 22° 61 
ACMEISS (EUESU GEN aay 1-24. ee ee 58. 
AUStalee ASOT A Nesters cee a eens 60 
Pa YOHEN GIES oil Ere DAL EA= PU IR ae ye 9, 42, 61, 78 
aim aise: Nyimip Mla, ees. e ee 15, 30 
NCI VI GIS} ATIC Iz Syians AAR SE ns leh eG lhe ie a be Bel Je 8 
amesms (medon), Aricila, - 7.2.23. olen. 42 
Alaa AL OVAMIS ) 2 2.0. ces ceraate Dida, HAL 119uze 
FENCES VIE far DN i VS a ie A eee rae Ey Vie TUR By 92 
ANON A Gre astcctco sents cen cetee earn: Higley aa. 
*“alba? (piesa. ap). Clostera 2:;.2 207.20. 53 


**alba (xanthographa ab.), Amathes 53 
albescens (helena ssp.), Meganostoma 51 


albescens (brookiana ab.), Papilio, 

EL OUGES ag geese eet cance sarees wees 91 
alorcellataroMesolem@as icc ee 22, 122 
albipunctia, LEUCaMI | .2....-.0....n07% 51, 56 
AEP HALON ICOM ESi ap Ns se ee aes eee 39 - 
algae (cannae), Archanara ......... 16, 29 
allionia (statilinus ab.), Satyrus, 

ABN Oy OF) CI ATS Hin WENA, Met a Al NS st sa 58 
alni, Apatele, Acronicta ......:........... 39 
alternata (sociata), Epirrhoé ...... Pals AGL 
QUA CAs wAUICOMTETETS ose te easter ete 81 
aM DiS wal CAragringd, «esc... stone: 47, 124 
ATIVE GEM ARID Taser ena ns wy ooo. aes Mogul 9 
amp las yvaaM ee aerate joensen ceo e-ee 48 
anachoreta.,ClOSTEAS £.5.....0ch.0+cs.eeceek 89 
anceps (trepida), Notodonta ... 43, 88, 121 
ADOUINES Ae OTIS sete ee ene 82 


apollo, Parnassius ... 41, 52, 57, 58, 94, 101 


AEC UCAM IEA CGI. sauces cee cke ena ecaeeee neaes 8 

arelactas, PHETMEStIG <2 050.0 becceces satay alas 

ALC OLA PSV OG ANN Aint ee eeanse cen eee Peer 59 
areshanus (balcanicus ssp.), Tarucus 

nla sete Ls WA 

ALEOUMUISAy ARO LEC Ian Oe sree ad eee 81 
argiolus, Lycaenesthes .... 42, 58, 64, 

; 1a aye 


9 SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
Breus (Aeron). PICWEUIS i250 os 125 
PACT VANITY S coe Mart aise tes rabea sinensis ca Aa Naty 103 
AESSMNP As ol OLY UO OMA ee esses eases eet 81 
ASDASTAA DA UAVS ali ee aes ae gee 90 
ASDELSaPAULOMENISS |v. .25.cssessteue sescceenene 81 
assimilella, Agonopteryx _............... ' 59 
ASHETL AS. a WTO tee sac es needs osenees cones 8 
asterosella, Coleophora _....... Chaicenpee 120 
atalaniay VANESSA) ci. ccec-t<0-cee=- Hil ribay aba 
Au AS VICI ACA a dees. ce seacstecneeeeeee eee 105 
atomaria, Hmaturga, Cepphis ......... 60 
ADiTata, NOAA) We, Aes che he ea 22 
ALPEODOS: 7 A GHETOMIIA o:. 12:4. cc025. 55 eneseseen es 86 
AUP AS OMIA TN Maes totes rene secoscencees 123, 124 
aurinia, Euphydryas, Melitaea ... 59, 
60, 78, 121 
DULMMNN Ava. OPOLIMIA) 2...25c.6. 5242-02 2%, Ad 
AEVICTS A lag SUC PIMA UA watio neta seee gue ssescesoeetake 82 
AGUS se WiA INCA eae aiten ends coasesieaes soeeconeeeees 60 
baumanniana, Chlidonia ................. 60 
HalcaniGus,, TaArwGUs ics .css.. ss coeecee 111, 114 
Hellatonmar eWwAS, 2 lacs ess. svdee dees 92 
benenotata, Hypoglaucitis _...... 112, 114 
Nenmteli.” (PSOGOS 32.22. -c0cs.<c es (Eos als brs aks: 
betulae, Ruralis, Thecla ...... aihwedia apa 
Beiiaria, UStOM) | op oe aneann sens 21, 60, 121 
HiCOlOrIa:-LEUCGOGONWAL ~ cic. c.8-8eeese- ees ose 85 
DLCHUTISS AIA MSW A scone kccceatenhs onconmeeeeens 60 
WCU SIS S, OCTUM A, Oo) i. croccace oc saskacleaecch- 53 
HUCUSPIS HH CHAE D Vila, te culiese ese sna sa Saneuicseaceees 87 
bidentata, Gonodontis _............... Oi 107 
bilunaria (illunaria f.), Selenia ...... Lh 
binaria, Dicranura, Drepana ........... Q4 
bisselliella. -WTineola: «iis. Fcnesnssdecesens: 83 
WISEORUALA CULO PIS eel tase nasties seeeee 121 
boreata, Operophtera —............eeec eee Q5 
TASSICGAEL PIETES) 21 ccc acts eats com sus cane AA 
brassicae. Mamestvay’  a..0cseues ks ossace kes D4 
HroOokean anc EA VUAIOL a. oc.Gs), eins eee Ree 91 
brumata, Operophtera >.....-25..-2: 2D aI 
**brunneicornis (subfasciata  ssp.), 
CHOMGTOSTECS aye seer 97, 114 
bucephala, Plialera. c:.. is acess eese 89, 119 
burmeisteri, Chlorippe  ........./..........- 80 
caeruleocephala, Diloba _.................. 37 
caeruleopuncta (phlaeas ab.), Heodes 
199 AQ 
CAV ANIA CULAH : ohte ee neo nnmn wis Vey, (oi 


c-album (comma), Polygonia 61, 121, 127 
callunae (quercus 7.), Lasiocampa ... 44 


camilla (sibilla), Limenitis ... 23, 36, 

615 79) 12S AD 
CAIN a PTV coseaen cen ceaececdeaseesnae ceceees 80 
CC WAVENIE We EC Oly 0 F219. Me ater rete ceed Teed Ao 81 
PUAN AC — ALAC ite oath caine neaee cen ease gears 16 
capucina (camelina), Lophopteryx .. 44 
cardamines, Euchloé ...... a leacta Vaan Ree (at 
CATO VANESSA) voacececteeaceee. 2 W360. 72 
CArINeMtas VLU YEA i. ..sastessecccacesenes 80 
CaArmMeliiac (OGOMtOSTA, -) crcncecocceteesecaes 88 
castaneae, Phragmataecia ...... AG TOs 
“CUESTA Pr OE ei oe 52 
CaAvaipaAes CeVratOnia — 4 licssectecsseretesecsss 12 
Catocala 


PAGE 
Catopsilia ETN PU AL A hee eh a ee LIC re 90 
CELETIO COED DOETOTL eters ee eee 86 


centrago (xerampelina), Atethmia ... 127 
chenopodiata (limitata), Orthosia ... 44 


chit sAmtibyipe: VP Olla ee aas Gna 45, 123 
chlorosata (petraria), Lithina ...... pa lees Pa 
chrysanthemi (filipendulae ab.), 

LN SAGMALS Peereaens socom ece lice eaeee eee 106 
cinxia, Melitaea ........... oe Bea gen fe 78, 125 


circellaris, Atethmia, Agrochola ? 123, 127 


clathrata.cOhiasSmiay ies eecns -.eeee 60 
clemanthersRrionerisa tess seen 91 
Cy (He). See tort ee Weenie 5 pane 112 
Glytus, DitrasePararee ieee ese 9 
cognatella, Hyponomeuta ................ 26 
Coleophora; VEUPIStAR ee coieees eee 120 
comma =clalbume wee eee 61 
concolor, :Rothschildiaiwee. eee 81 


**concolor (brassicae ab.), Mamestra 54 
confluens (paphia ab.), Argynnis .... 11 
confluens (helena ssp.), Meganostoma 51 


consonaria, Boarmia, Tephrosia ...... 13 
conterminella, Agonopterix _............ 59 
CONVOLV UIT, VeTSE).. rolesi.coeer ee to oa 86 
conyzae, Eupista, Coleophora .......... 13 
COPACINA UESOUOS ayy tekstas ce tenes Us VA pr Ia tS 
COLFGWbHENSIS.4 CreimnuSy Stee eee 81 
coridon, Polyommatus ... 42, 79, 124, 125 
CORYR ec DeMTaS ie 225 Flo ie oe aaa ee 45 
Grade ge EEG WUT ates cee eee eee 37, 121 
Grenatai. GIUpMIS hale beeen teen. ot eae ees 87 
GrepuscuUlaria~ (CIO MISH ..2.5ss.55.0seeebes 24 
crispulas Sy SSphinixy Wee eee... a eee 52 
erishna.” Trabala se us 48 
GrOCeUS; ‘Colas? iene eee 42, 61, 78 
cucubali, Hadena, Dianthoecia ... 54, 60 
cucullatelia,  NOVa) cee dee nero 37 


cucullina (cuculla), Lophopteryx ... 88 
cupreopuncta (phlaeas ab.), Heodes 126 


curtula: | ClOsteLa ayes sree eee 89 
CYANe, SUGaAINANS crosses eee 92 
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis ... 42, 122, 
124, 125 
cymaenotaenia, Autophila ............ 44, 98 
Gynt hiaeseny dL OSa mil ay ances eee ceases 48 
dahil Noctial: DiatSiays.2- cc eee 44 
CapldiGe: VROMH A Hee ee orale een ene 119 
delome CMelibaca weer eee ean eee 105 
GelUS, SPaenaSSiIS ia cas eee eee tee eee 59 
Gelumaris: Cliyiiiea ne nes eee ese eee 112 
GESCOMMESIAWDOLIAS Uy tek erst eee ee 92 
designata, Ochyria, Xanthorhoé ...... 122 
despecta, <CiCimnus Ae) ooo eee eee 81 
CONG yao abs omit Ke 2 Wes Hote eR LN a 69 
dilutata,- OMONINIA .b.08 ra eee. 121, 123 
Diva (Pavaeeey sn Hae Gee ee ae eos eee 9 
dispar,” OGHeriny eon cee eres 7 ce eae 104 
distanti-Gers Jf)” APpias sek eee 91 
CIStiM Chak kClivibie ts =e eae yarn ease 112 
dodonea (trimacula), Drymonia ...... 88 
dolabraria: Plagodis’). ose ae 122 
dominula, Panaxia, Callimorpha ..... 11 


dromedarius, Notodonta ... 22, 24, 44, 88 
duplaris, Tethia, Palimpsestis ... 44, 121 


SPECIAL INDEX. 3 


PAGE 
SIMA ria CLOCGAlIS | - 45. ....f.0ccecscn ee % 121 
Ei] geravOi ch > 1D evil fey 0.00 Ee eeeeereer ee ee eee eee 86 
BP ORAM TO i ic ee sao bo cddvensiascwasaeees 89 
espuniensis (deione r.), Melitaea ...... 105 
euphenoides, Buchloé © ..........c.....c.0- 70 
euphorbiae; Celerio®  .ei.c.ce. ccc ees te eee ee 86 


euphrosyne, Brenthis, A. ... 21, 23, 42, 
(OWS are Beg bru Weta bo 


TATEARE TAGS) (OVO) Lez) | ae eee 90 
evonymella, Hyponomeuta .............. 26 
MALI SHAME ANC ee Ua adel cohen ese eteaeced 411 
enable 12) 0) hg a 0 he eee ee 47, 126 
exoleta, Xylena, exsoleta .................. 123 
fagella, Chimabacche, Diurnea ... 21, 121 
PAC AMIE: OOS) i joees lnc cgsct.sc<sesesosncseebes 87. 
flava (filipendulae ab.), Zygaena ...... 106 


flavicornis, Achlya, Polyploca 21, 22, 122 
HMC MOD AMIA 030... sackets oedesdeses 4122 
PAS eebel ay PAO IUA otis aati ise Se be asked ae’ 1A 
**fasciata (palpina ab.), Pterostoma 53 
feisali (aurivillii ssp.), Chondrostega 98 
**ferrago (straminea ab.), Leucania 56 
ferrUSaha KAM TNOTNOG > Lic..ce.beesssecses as 121 
PESTNGZVEU) LEN Sieg a 119 
**fibrosa (leucostigma ssp.), Celaeno 55 


PCO TDA ENIVA OS fi0ed.cecce secs edecdececeess Q4 
filigrammaria, Oporinia .................. 25 
MMUpPenadwMlac, ZY LAC A «2.0.6... ecece00s 21, 106 
PURITAN ALMA PICA, | iv ccsinasscoveccescccessntblee 54 
ATIVAN ICA, tr i Seec sci eacosetvoctorsrctsscscsens 124 
IPR ee OM MUNMY TINT A | FR... cc eccaoedeconsecestcesese 58 
AAC CU Cael oes SCOPUNIA, yo. s55yecdseereseecscescs 31 
flava (filipendulae ab.), Zygaena .... 106 


flavicornis, Achlya, Polyploca 21, 22, 122 


floslactata (remutaria), Scopula ....... 22 
fraterna (typhae), Phragmitiphila ... 127 
fluctuosa, Tethea, Cymatophora ...... 45 
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia ............ Oot 
fuligosina (impura ab.), Leucania ... 55 
namosaa (Gaia 20.) Archia 2.) 2......8 2.05 46 
furcata (elutata), Hydriomena _...... 44 
PST OEE PVA: \pustessconedstseatsesctercances 87 


**fusca (ocularis ab.), Palimpsestis .. 53 
fusconebulosa (velleda), Hepialus ... 44 


galathea, Satyrus, Melanargia ......... 36 
Sra lbi G SLEILO UY eich ceecccwartecs cebeccace sess 86 
SUED M MIAN AMEE GL) | fess ascwecewesascan<aspmodessees 124 
FSM AG ANIL OTIVA Ol ols scncnceassoeeteecewadees 91 


geminipuncta, Archanara, Nonagria 
16, A215 127 


PCORSiMa MCAS. Yi Wc ke aesteteus 91 
**ohirshmani, Boarmia ......... 98, 99, 114 
ULV ATOR OUPGINTA:  osscelecossaseeseedecscausnxs 121 
GaGa asm OUbKe Leo adees caves eoseatewaes +s 24 
glaucippe, Hebomoia ............... pets 90 
SANG Mae BUCA esse cbse. cht bess ceseae 22 
enoma (dictaeoides), Pheosia ...... 45, 88 
gracilis, Orthosia, Taeniocampa ...... 59 
gracilis (trepidaria f), Psodos ......... 4118 
SLAMITCL As.) COLCOMNOLAI ) scc.h.cesesceseacecet 120 
ATE MOLY AST) laced er saees tos cere aadansseseine 8 
griseata, Lithostege ......... deugeatiwest ass 82 
prossilabriata.. ADTAXAS 000. .kd kee eeee 107 
ies Seyi eal D0 hg Cs ea Nips a 5 gs ba | 


PAGE 
hastiana, Acalla, Peronea ............ 16, 107 
helena, Meganostoma _..............sscesee 51 
hermelina (bifida), Harpyia ............ 87 
hexadactyla: -Orneodes 0/82 ek eee. 24 


**hibernica (Saponariae ssp.), Helio- 


TOLIYO SIE ea ar eee BER a een ee MER On ae 5d 
hieroglyphica, Euglyphia ................. 110 
EGA IA (UY CLAM she scenns .ccoee oeetasta rate cancer 65 
hispidaria, “Apochemman 2s ae -eee 82 
NO PieTI aE OlkyomiITa LS eee sea eee ee 59 
bby MeNaeas EISGAG Aww ee tees tae ee 80 
iy parete Wels ieee ee 92 
hyperantus, Aphantopus ...... BO aes 


icarus, Polyommatus 42, 58, 121, 125, 127 


icterata (subfulvata),. Eupithecia ... 44 
TM PETIAIMS Ba CleS) ayo eee Ne cece ee Si 
LAD UA Ee Ca Maileaiy eee ee Ss lee eweas 55 
LM CORI MEEGY Ala eins) OSes ae ees 80 
incerta, Orthosia, Taeniocampa .. 21, 121 
incertellus, Schoenobius _.................. 31 
LNCISAS HNUELOMEPIG | Vi \.5. taaceeaseeseesveccsteeeses 81 
**inornata (fimbriata ab.), Lampra 54 
**insignis (bicuspis ab.), Cerura ...... 53 
io, Vanessa, Nymphalis ... 21, 61, 121, 127 
HOP ANTLOMERIS HEA iusrssccesn ge tonttseeeeacaaente 81 
idle. (iris .@b:), vApatUras ii. Aa 124 
iranica (distincta ssp.), Clytie ......... 112 
ALIS VAD AINE eos cee esse 24, 46, 61, 127 
jacobaeae, Callimorpha _.................. 60 
Farha, SMiaAMVOla Ns  oestess- cece enaicaeore'a 123, 126 


kosswigi (apollo r.), Parnassius ... 41, 
57, 58, 94, 101 


lncertinaria.; Drepamal Wie s..-c1ee<s.- 5. 21, 44 
LACHER ITE iO YS MESS noe eeone cau cence apsdanedacess Q1 
LAVAS EPA PPILAS I eensee sec sese dee esses ees on eaes 92 
VANESTTIS. PELIOSASEER i.e seen ee ee 53, 104 
TAMSTCON TI CAM IITA: eee tase canteen asco se rene 8 
lapponaria, Poecilopsis ................. 65, 82 
lariciata, Apne Gias-e.2ssscceeee- ke Darah Sh 
LASTOMMAtTA PA LArG Ei) (dactsss.cnes dese 9 
lathonia, Issoria, Argymnmis ............. 125 
laurentella,. Coleophora — ................:. 120 
Pea CED Aran ee ieee coca teseaseneasste secs. 92 
Tesatella nC MeSiaS mee coscsccecce ask ents 82 
leis; (melania), (ApMas) isk eee 91 
femmata) -Catalehystiaigi ie sesteee..es- ccs “34 
CIIPIOMO RW IRN eshSe hho Ecndcenmeer ce: eeccenseacaac bpobe 49 
Jeporinas/Acronmicta, siete. 22, 44 
Lethe wEby Pamaetiae”\sicsvedecstyeteuseoscoenes 80 
leucophaearia, Erannis _................00- 21 
1eUCOSHEhUSy BiplOeay 2s: ceseee oes. eaes 91 
leucostigma, Celaema © ....2.2.....2.2.2-.0 5D 
feyanasoAPASGlimnaehal vee oi cisasessoee ts - 23 
libatrix, Gonoptera, Scoliopteryx ... 21 
libericus (apollo r.), Parnassius ....... 57 
ligula (spadicea), Cerastis ... 45, 121, 123 
APSUSGRTS SPU UEUN Paes eteeean seaecmose jaesk cooeuee 86 
HiVvOENICA,UCELERIO, Tie arca-censeceneerscenese 86 
linea, (fava), -Adopaea,. 22 eae 58 
lineata (livornica ssp.), Celerio ......... 86 
HimeolawyA GODACA Mi ress ycce ee eee swcnsecsses 42 
Litharswvymias WeWGania ee caes. sesses 56 
hitumasocAMCMOSCEIIS Pe tekciseacnysceskcscecans 45 


longespinata, Chondrostega ............. 97 


4 SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
LOMIGETAC, "ZV LACM ali ees, sas ese mere 22, 106 
LORE VA Ey OAT Ce aiesaa tee see eee me etcee oes 30 
TO tas, HAMMAM eee pete tes Sas aeeetis cineloe te eatoers 68 
Imcerneas: AG’OLISHeeteaeeesceceens ances 50 
IUxeutialeherel & eV agers WON) Wo Pesos ssGosunoseeaeec cele Q4, 46 
lumariaets elena eam tenes esc: eens ne ee 121 
heh one U blake sey Oren DISS pene oe SON aga sneupeaceu 22 
MIC Ay MS DULOSOMMA eee nce asec ae 7 
lutea (xerampelina ab.), Atethmia .. 127 
Mumeellas WTAtEACAg ee cesesccscsececeteeeseee 31, 32 
luteolata, Opisthograptis ................. PAL 
IWMtESCENS. PaAnReromMia !....s2shec ces eeemeee eee 92 
ME CACTMMA CH tree esckaescedoeceeke an sack sheer 79, 1411 
lychnidis (pistacina), Agrochola ...... A5 
AV AUCTO A ATO UA Sheet es esee eons weds sseaehuene 92 
MACH AGM BE AUTO Gel sa eels sseoas ee cearer tere 8 
IMA GU TAS Pl) OSIM eas on Seesceie ares se aeeeets 8 
macularia, Pseudopanthera ....... QA OAl 
MAaerayy DirarwPATAM See | slate seste. deen 9 
malinella, Hyponomeuta _................. 26 
MALVAe A TS yeICMGUS: Ccseesecussses pone De 192) 
margamitatay CamiDaea | uic:.cscsseeeesce 44 
**marginosa (Saponariae ssp.), 

J SIS UTICOy 0) AO] OND Sieh Rae sasdoodeasetoncooecscaccrer D4 
MANAUS IVT ONNO fens eis cateccaeccacnnsehewatonee ha: 4h 
IGM NU EDS wel KONELMSKO) AUUICC HIG: “V4 Neeseadsoneneseoeee 81. 
IME Sa OMiy Ld alee weeere oe en eee eae eee aera 81 
Thy (eats iy al(2y @)] dN ets re ob atten MRT Aare Gee To 52 


megera, Dira, Pararge ... 9, 41, 59, 


CIS. 126 


MMEMCTG AsO VGMI ayes. sees Oil Bes ae), ab 
melaina (paphia ab.), Argynnis ....... 11 
melanoleuca, Zeuzera — ................2000. 81 
1 (GI BRE Vere an iere prey aetgr nr nr ean Mk re ae mae 105 
meticulosa, Phlogophora AB VIAL a0} 
IY Blane WMO OUI ie Kew A ee sacar hancteaddasnostecsbnoton 81 
MOUUTANOS Ae» On LNOSavmees ss seated saeeeteseiee 121 
OMIM aN Oe ea LAW bie voy PR seapesedeoboshGanaeucssss 60 
minor (phlaeas ab.), Heodes ............ 4A 
MTOM SGA MUS Whe ae eee alae ce Na ae 38 
monodactyla, Emmelina _......... ile alata 
montanata, Xanthorhoé _.................. 21 
monuste (phileta ssp.), Pieris ............ 80 
AAU CUSIP UU IO CAD = Wa. ceskeatseoteee eens 91 
multistrigaria, Colostygia ............... 59 
THONG BL ORAM AOSIE): Scddessoctopace seeundaaceer De 
Te] OT send S118 CUS ae ase reebeconeeh one rae oanker He {shoe tS) 
TNA AN eee AULT OTN CTS ie eee eet a 81 
MME UT O SAL LOM See ae ae ee ene ee 122 
TOKE CLO PRIN De 10a ASU Anne tae Sele eet ay PEPE Bae 86 
MIST O, (WAWONO DAISY, 1 eet ah Rae SS, Besa ae 2 ee 90 
TMU A I DAVANOIENANMENBh” Soecoadssdenaanancosoouasce 48 
*nigrescens (tenebrata ab.), Pane- 

TAQKEH PIG Ny Yall aAa hae EA ARE ORR ent PEG SN Ot ce | 56 


nigrescens (delius ab.), Parnassius .. 59 
nigricans (geminipuncta ab.), Non- 


TTD, OE AUN Ween a ata ck a 127 
MICO COStATA a ee OG alice aaetsesseetee pees ae 81 
MMATUTES PAD ATAVUS Oy Scere senan Mace aepetan nen ste 91 
MOnICAMNAS HESOMOS Meee cernee esate eee oeee 116 
INOTOGOIIGAC HH Seto. N itera eerste tay cos cee 87 
nuda, Mee@alopy@e + veccisecccccscssccsticsecse 81 
UT Oe EP TINA, ass ed EERE Ra Te 49 
mupiay Catocara Mi niyrcssicc<c See ay B93 3, 127 


PAGE 
nymphaeata, Nymphula .................. 31 
obeliscatia ga PM era: 6 eee ease iioosca ss setae 21 
Obertniuris CAULOMERIS! hee. eee 81 
obscura (xXerampelina ab.), Atethmia 127 
OHSCULAtAY (GNOPMOSW i eit-eieseeeese eee 118 — 
obsoleta (armigera), Chloridea ......... 26 


**obsoleta (lanestris ab.), Eriogaster 53 
obsoleta (trifolii ab.), Lasiocampa .. 53 
obsoleta (quercus ab.), Lasiocampa .. 53 


ocellana: Ac onoplenixemm-.s. 2s. ee 59 
ocellata(us), Smerinthus ... 68, 86, 95, 122 
ochraceéa: “Ocha: - Wis aysesee sera oes. cee 71 
oclomaculatawo Ayala: woseas aces eee 8 
ocularis, PaiimpSestisiey -ccset ese 53 
OF: |. CY MakOMMORA sy hess sea eee atoeee Q4, 44 
GPELON a PRAaw uO pease ee ees eee ees 8 
orientalis (geminipuncta abD.), 
APCRAM AR Al 3 Cuan poate 6 ca ae 16 
OTNTTHOPLELRA sy oscesssassse ee eee 12 
OLNTODUSHe Koya Ue rete ee eee 125, 128 
**orthotaenia (cymaenotaenia ssp.), 
ATE O POINT ao id see ee 98, 114 


oxyacanthae, Miselia, Allophyes ... 70, 
110, 111, 122, 123 


padella, Hyponomeuta _................... 26 
**nallida (thalassina ab.), Hadena ... 54 
palpina, Pterostoma ............... 538, 88, 122 
pamphilus, Coenonympha ......... LEAL 
pandas Saletaray © 5255 ue ee eee 90 
paphia, Argynnis ... 10, 42, 44, 72, 83, 

7 122, 123, 125 
12252) Qy10l DIO ener Gena ee mae eee Re ree Cement ee 91 
**nallida (cucubali ab.), Hadena ...... D4 
Parare ee) prairie. wee tee op eS ee 9 
Pay Oromia wate icke c3:5yswoceine eee 90 
PaTHassius 141 Gest ees eae eee 101 
parthenias, Brephos ................ pail, Ded EAL 
parthenope (aglaia ssp.), Delias ... 92, 93 
PAVONay SS aivUMenilaye ye. ceeeneeene eee 89 
pedanial. lniea lia are west y eee eee 21 
pennaria, Himera, Colotois ............... 45 
Dermrixtas: Saal is 12.) ee ee ne ee ee 111 
peroneurus (apollo 7.), Parnassius .. 57 
DHEA swish ya DAs eee acs tr ee ee 80 
phlaeas, Heodes 10, 21, 41, 47, 60, 78, 127 
phoebe (tritophus), Notodonta ......... 88 
PHS LIAS Wee igctse oo ce eee ee 90 
NEA KEN IMEI DES SES Caer E USRMB ER ee snr ern on aMOn 2 119 
pigra (reclusa), Clostera ............... 53, 89 
DUUZINe  POCEMOPSIS® MWYIDe so ee eee 66 
pinastri, Hyloicus, Sphinx ............ 86, 9d 
piniaria, Bupalus .................. Hee ee rede DAL 
DIST. CCLAMIUCA ee hash Cee eee AD 
Dla gdiaey. te AMV AGS Soe Cee heen og eee 106 
plumigera, Piilephota Bs SER an aE 88 
DEAT BUGS Ice YMMV ae ee aa neg SN Ct ati Serie Reape dD 88 
polychloros, Naepnee vera 46, 123, 125 
pomonaria, Poecilopsis  ................... 66 
populi, Smerinthus, Amorpha ... 86, 107 
DOD WH yaa GRA eee ssa eee eee 121 
poseidon, Polyommatus _ .................. 59 
prasinana, Bena, Hylophila 21, 44, 45, 121 
promethea, Callosamia LP RLS ati Re at 8 


prorsa (levana f.), Araschnia  .,....... 23 


SPECIAL INDEX. 5 
PAGE PAGE 
PCE MERE SARs os Sa se ncaw see ca ycckstiencens 123 sparganella, Orthotaelia ............ 30, 31 
TETQOUCOTOG TREE! | CSSA See a ie Re aera ee 81 sparganii, Nonagria, Archanara ...... 16 
PEM eHeClA Str yMON ssc. 0..c2.cc02.8- 36 Shamed aey dy ee eee 8, 85, 125 
penne Nierenatetia, ois 2 be itl des | (QQ sphinx (cassinea), Asteroscopus ... 37, 45 
TES OVUOIS 0 @ 48 SN SE ee see 119 Sta bins a PAT GH Tari Resse.c.ctt eee est 58 
Pterophoridae,. Aleucitidae __............ 110 stellatarum, Macroglossum ............ 86 
pudibunda, Dasychira ... 22, 44, 45, 122 StPAMIMN Ea LeEUCARITA freee aes ate deee 56 
MMlehwevaias Bip iUlMeCa, oo: 0. ...dcke keene 2 SHLAATI AS SSUOM ie pissssercecscees saeeeeteet eae 21 
HUMIMMATaASG VITO SCELIS: 2 ....525000faceeseees a9 SHTMAN AOL Nie we AAT OMY CONDI Ee Nok Meee ee eee eee 31 
DUIneiaciay <COSVMDIA | .2o555h.i.2hscscceaceeke 22 SEVP TAA eOeVA CULES! Teste cmcesceeuesoceee ce 81 
ROUTE NEA CAL UECVil) corcds.5skc6-secaeasscoctese ss 81 Stuarts.) AUMtOMeLIS: © eyei-8 Giz seas sence 81 
PUMA Aa FV LAUSUA + .....6s0s0sc0ceoseees« 21 subfasciata, Chondrostega .......... Sigs 
[Onn Seieia.s~ (CR eyes cea Wh Teen Sete ea een ye 22 subfulvata (icterata), Eupithecia .... 44 
LEW TESTI ey ake ee ee ee re ee 8 Subhastatass BimMliype ke .2siet Magee se ce ees 2% 
pyramidea, Amphipyra ............... 44, 121 SUDOGEM AAG EH ULGOSUU Asie ge onscreen reese 60 
[ESV IPSN UISIET DIEGO he Bee a ee 8 SUEMIIMA Ae BD LIERMNOGe I eectecteeeasseesee ees: 124 
[OSVIAEIAIS. "LCT SPA Se i ee ae ela emer aa 90 SH pPPLeESSalas=. Clio. Sse CE essa 31 
quadruplex, Coleophora, Eupista ... 120 sylvanus, Hesperia (venata ?7) ... 22, 42 
MUEECILOLIA ICASTOCAMNPAy Wisticss.cecsccees CF SyLVeSELIS—SyLvaMUlSap is pcewncreessoconen. aan 42 
QUCrCUS, MASLOCATM PAL t..).2 J. Jscsess.oecee $7, 28 Sy VA GAOL YAU). aeiias Hee Ae. sdsescsouctatseee 112 
quereus, Thecla, Zephyrus .... 6, 121, 124 HAGESH ABS VTVIS Nise secec gence wcecsees alte, LO Va 
TE Ore E.R RIES) a uC atone RAR eae es dee ASS EEMETA Ta EAGAN Sean eis ssc S RN Seah aaee 60 
MUS AMM ACE OMT Aye bis atisccvcssciesecesseees s 47, 68 tenebrata, Panemeria viiiiis sess 56 
AMIE MG ONE PULSER YK. oshsiic. eceees vee GLAS tenuisaria (tenuicaria), Boarmia, 98, 
BHoOMmuotdaria,. BOATMIA ........./...5..2: 107 99, 114 
TNC MOU VOLOGA )0sigcs ches. te -desctcndseens 21 teerulentas Ol yiien fies. wesc cece seeeonseseee 112 
rippartii (admetus ssp.), Polyomma- tetraquetrana, Eucosma — ............<...- 60 
UI SEES eRe cn See c<csstecscescnecadesstens a8 thalassinas, (Had enay sso aces see 54 
LOxclanae Omar PALATES 2. 5.i occ cccceesse 9 THESES SE TIOMEEIS te cee sch asstoec sees eee 91 
ruberata, Hydriomena ............... 59, 107 thaishes MD euIaS oles s ease shee 92 
EU, MaGrOURVIACIA.. Jo. tcicc.5.c.cceecessesess 60 PMOASs UP AITO, Aedes sess eee ocr Ree 8 
rubi, Thecla, Callophrys ......... Dal EI. a) **thyone (semele ssp.), Eumenis ...... 65 
ONO TCA eMC UEVAETA, oh icecccsceseseeeses cones 26 Taha Rue SIM ay * isle gae ee dessa eee 92 
PABLO TTC OS tel Map AMAL OHG GC i dicicaxes sk adsecedsacoezonces 80 (Gli Teer FO ats Rare err ECB Rane back ere nana ter ese 85 
TATUISIUB en OLN ESTAS © SSE OE eee eee 82 biithonws, Manitolan wise Le AQ ADS 
rufescens (xerampelina ab.), Ateth- Lib IS “ELE ar Gages oe ee PA (iO al 
TROUGH Se a ere 4g Been ee So oe ne 127 torva (tritophus), Notodonta ........... 88 
PM GOLMASS. Dr VIMOMA “ —si.gesscesaccsecccnee- 88 _tragopoginis, Amphipyris ................. 123 
OpEd Oar, WMETIA . (essccclcsssasenscecee te 47 LEANSVELSar (Satellaitia) iy ears ee eee Dal OA 
HAC APMP AD AMIGA). cane c.acSJsencescaetelacatcxccss: 60 EL ADEZ Mal. (COSMAS fea. age een 44 
rustica (mendica ab.), Cycnia ...... 59, 60 tremula (dictaea), Pheosia ... 88, 119, 123 
SRM Cushy CLA EY eee ae eae ee Gene era 119 CECDIG AIAN VE SOMOS eee eee 118 
saponariae, Heliophobus ................. D4 hatolien LasioGamWale = Ser ces etn feats. 53 
Se UTLTEMING) aa ne ee ee acne 89 TLS AMM Cal sMErISiIS, mek sae eee 122 
Sadiedie eM OCTA ioc c cceccc.ssescvece Pal CEMA CULA Dy OMAN eee eeseees Dat uA avis) 
SBIR G ISI: 92 Ak oR GSE RCO A 101 tripunctaria, Eupithecia _................. 123 
Bra GN NOTOGIS is cdoineccascnseacceucedeners 1267) Valrisionatia. Rupr Meciay 0 S.20. 2... sass 123 
schmidtii (phlaeas ab.), Heodes ........ 78 GEISHA Lelie, BOTT TRO Gece ogee gui te device Se DO ADT 
**scotica (impura ssp.), Leucania ...... 55 ELoidessOrmithoprerarc: ese. ese 12 


**scotica (leucostigma ssp.),Celaena .. 55 
**scotochroma (brassicae abv.), 


NVM ES Gray ny As mesckeanne- Waker coche cco: 54 
Sellen OavOMST Way “hs 2k ee eke eiks. bk 92 
selene, Brenthis, Argynnis ... 23, 121, 124 
SSMU RMB UY OMIES) 8 Sans dacwasnteswss.ceauee 42, 65 
sericarium (kuehniella), Ephestia ... 59 
Silaceatay MRAP OVIA. .o.ce..0nessecce.eees WD 194 
Hl ais MOM AIS eee tases seuss canicocacaecoeages aces 2Q4 
simulans, Epipsilia, Rhyacia .......... 9 
STUN TONSA be! 0 HI (ere ee 61 
“SIN SIS OL OUT, OI ee 3 Sh ra ee re ane 52 
STivedeeee AeA ADM Adan ses cette eee oSuitle re see 48 
SCC HAM MONOAMINE (oe ae Se as eee 128 

- sohn-retheli, Arenostola ....,. antes Peed G 


tucumana (imperialis ssp.), Eacles .. 81 
typhae, Phragmitiphila ... 16, 31, 32, 127 


WMH riKer An] OnroMOboiWawr bese ee eee 60 
UN Clara sam Mera eer aes see eee 81 
WEAN GUIN Gen DI RISING) Dione nae Sinner aes a eee 60 


unicolor (xerampelina ab.), Atethmia 127 


ETT) ie UGLY S a trace anises Sema iaa oe sete nes 8 

urticae, Aglais, Vanessa ... 21, 64, 121, 127 
vaccinii, Cerastis, Orthosia ... 21, 45, 

Ul aba a7) 

Valerie PArGLOMiauyiscesscss ie cesses eee 90 
valezina (paphia ab.), Argynnis ... 11, 

‘ 12, 83, 124 

vancouverensis, Coleophora _............ 120 

IVA TIES S hii, ee ee ls RLY eee nee Dg 


6 SPECIAL INDEX. 
PAGE PAGE 
variabilis, Hyponomeuta _................ 26 DDC CLA CUS Pea OSE EROIRN Ms Wout han es hi i ieee 3 
UPS LEE Wee a id BY OY rs Pag Raa eR 122 diluta (roeselii ab.), Roeseliana ......... 5 
‘venosata, Eupithecia © ....c.:....éss0080s Dh yO. domesticus, Gryllulus, Gryllus ... 18, 22 
rH EN Eh MES Vash BOs Gli oy ules PR BA SMR egret apn ae 90 dorsalis; Conocephalusa in 2359 eee 107 
Versicolora:) HMGromis) yi25..055..0iccee. 89 HES CUODD ULSI) Ui Vc ee ee WN A VN 100, 103 
VESTA are ais ceniedenae sancen wee ern au a bs es 26 fischer: “Stenobovarws) (yew. eee 110 
Vila HS; ClCOCETIS 2) can cuales nie ye 68 ITSO) O)] OU ake PREM caer MPRE mu Ny rattan apy Siva Tike 10 104 
pA tia bt lea hada Goto eo h cee Wap eats er Mat) atk 87 jerseyana (occidentalis ssp.), Platy- 
Viena” Tew Gamay imac we. weal 47 CO) Ute MEER TORU a ARNE a eee 4 
VO Cerin {Cine yo miliary sities. eee ee 81 lineatus, Stenobothrus .................. 7, 107 
vulpina, Megalopyga ............. cece eee 81 maculatus, Myrmeleotettix ... 7, 18, 
waiensis (consonaria ab.), Boarmia, 102, 110 
ATS PLE OSWA ANG) Sela e se aan a lee AR a oe 13 marginata (brachyptera ab.),’ Platy- 
w-album, Thecla, Strymomn ............... 36 GECTS: Rae MULLS AUS al Sa Ae 4 
wallacei, Lycia AYD. ...........cs.ccccecseees 65 MetrIO PECAN Kae entan ayaa eeeneae 3, 101 
wiltshirei (geminipuncta ssp.), My PIiele Oe nix mbes tena ee nasan tee aae eee 103 
TAT CIV AINA Ai RoE a aid erga Aneel eet 16 occidentalis, \Platycleis  .cii..ces..cc. 4 
SC GANI ANT BUTS Me es 1 Ae ele UR 67 Oe bh ovay Leni iy ane Sad! SAB CAE we) nc 100 
xanthographa, Amathes _.................. 53 OnienTaliss Bla thames cee nesses cece ee 18 
Xerampelina, Atethmia ................... 127 parallelus, Chorthippus © .................. 18 
ACA MISCO TMCES aici aniet., cA ava an LOS 15 PL at YC Leu hs), ae NG cope era or re ae 3 
zermattensis (bentelii ssp.), Psodos ... 118 Foeselii Roeselia wale cease eee eens 4, 101 
PUCZAC 2c NOCO GOT a ire ciecne as. acece: 44, 88 rufus, GomMpHhocerus  ...i..iecseseseece.ee 7 
ZOMATL ANI ISSTAT GO Mtn Meche aati ned 66 saussuriana, Metrioptera _............... 4 
SUbUmMatomMy VA CE Y Gat ie. eee kee 106 
ventralis, OMOGCeSHUS))) Aedes kere a 
ORTHOPTERA. . viridulus, Omocestus ............ 7 MSH avy 
INGROUVIUIST in eee: ec aM nDE Ne Rae ace amas nau 100 
anatolicus, Anterastes ............... 101, 102 UNCLASSIFIED. 
amacolieus, PocciimM omy ji.3eeseeceesseeee 100 ATE YTOGUMAC HN i Ai LA ee Be ue ale re al 26 
apricarius, Chorthippus _.................. 100 caerulescens, Orthetrum (Odon.) ..... 96 
DICGOLOT: KBICOlORAMAN me ko ees lec een 4 cyanea; ‘Aeshna (Odom!) 1. ee 96 
bicolor, Chorthippus _..................... ee alts} petioli, Harmandia (Midge) .............. 24 
hbiguttulus, Chorthippus _.................. 100 populeti, Perrisia (Midge) ................ Q4 
bosphoricus, Poecilimon .................. 100 tremulae, Harmandia (Midge) ......... Q4 
brachyptera, Metrioptera _............... 3 ulunus, Brachyiulus (Myriapod) ..... 102 
UMN A CAO CeESiassveny sme waa eran a 100 verticalis, Tricocorixa (Hem.) ......... 62 
CORRECTION.—p. 118, line 9, for 25 mm. read 2.5 mm. 
& 
. 


fp 


“ = 


| NTOM OLOGISTS RECO RD 


Jas ot Cemaa, > 
2aleey 


AND oe 21 Biss c 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION | 


oe git 


p) EDITED with the assistance of 
" MALCOLM Burr, D.Sc., F.R.ES. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.RES., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 

Be F.R.C.P. 


#3.E. CouIN, J.P.,F.RES. Beene er 
» H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.ES., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


THE WHITEHOUSE SALE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA...) 
ie GRASSHOPPER GOSSIP, Malcolm Burr, D. SR Ee a oS 
: | supsrirure EUOMPLA NTS. “P.M Ale OMA io! ee NG 
Lis - COLLECTING NOTES :. An Unusual Pierid Pairing, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher; 
Some Dates for Grasshoppers, /d.; Non-Specific Assembling Scents in 


Macrolepidoptera, H. M. Edelsten and J. C. F. Fryer: A Belated Record, 
| A, Russell James; Substitute Food-Plants, Wm. T. M. Forbes; Third Ap- 
Se pearance of Dira megera, 7. Bainbrigge Fletcher; Longevity of Episilia 
i (Rhyacia) simulans, Jd.; Heodes phlaeas, L. : Third Emergence, F. V. L 
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MOG ULVE: 15ta JANUARY 1944. Nowe 


THE WHITEHOUSE SALE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


On 16th November 1943, at Glendining’s Auction Rooms in London, 
was sold the first portion of the fine collection of British Lepidoptera 
formed by the late Sir Beckwith Whitehouse, President of the British 
Medical Association, a keen and energetic entomological collector. 

A considerable number of the specimens listed were only recently 
acquired from the ‘‘ Bright ’’ collection, and it is a tragedy that the 
Professor should have enjoyed the sight of the insects for so short a 
time. His sudden death, practically in the prime of life, was a shock 
to his numerous friends by whom he will be greatly missed. 

Amongst the buyers were some newcomers, whose names are not 
familiar to the entomological world. Rumour says that some of the 
insects are ultimately doomed to seclusion in a remote provincial 
Museum, where they will be lost to sight, and this perhaps may be the 
best thing that can happen to them. The sale commenced with one of 
the series of melanic Papilio machaon bred by Mr L. W. Newman and it 
was sold at the reasonable price of £18. Lot 2, A handsome rayed speci- 
men of the same species, realized £19 as against £10 10/- paid for it at 
a sale in 1942. Lot 3, A smoky form of Aporia crataegi, brought £3 5/-. 
Pieris napi, L.*—-Lot 7,,A @ albino, var. citronea, £5 15/-. Lot 8, An 
underside aberration, one side albino, the other typical, £5. In 1939 
this insect realized £15 10/-. Lot,11, An extreme form of the Caithness 
race, £4 10/-.  Huchloé cardamines, L.—A male with yellow tips in- 
stead of orange, £7. Lot 15, A male entirely lacking orange pigment ° 
in forewings, £19. In 1942 this same insect realized £14. Lot 16, A 
buff tinted gynandromorph, £7. Lot 17, A male albino, £18. This; 
with several other similar ones, each brought £8 10/- in 1941-2. Lot 19, 


A gynandromorphous form, £12. Pontia daplidice, .—Several pairs 
sold for 45/-, 47/-, 60/-, and 80/-. Leptidea sinapis, L.—Two ¢ forms 
of ab. yanerew, sold for the moderate price of £2.5/-. Colias croceus, 
Foure.—Lot 24, A very unattractive purple-brown form, £7 10/-. In 


1942 it realized £4 10/-. Lot 25, A form with forewings apparently 
helice, and hindwings typical croceus, £6 10/-. Lot 26, A mixed gynan- 
donor phous form, £4 15/-. Lot 27, A wide bordered ¢ and a heavily 
marked @, £5. Cniadbaine rhamni, L.—A mixed gynandromorphous 
form, £13 10/-, a very high price for this kind of aberration. Lot 29, 
A male largely splashed all over with red, in no way symmetrically ; an 
unsightly form of aberr ation w hich, in tle writer’s opinion, was greatly 
overpriced at £22. He has seen comemhat similar specimens, one of 
which was at one time in the Joicey collection. Apatura iris, L.—Lot 
30, AS ab. iole, £7, an average price for this form if the insect is really 
British. Lot 31, A Q with pale rays on the hindwings, £5 15/- — a 
not excessive price for this rarity. Danaus plexippus—Lot 32, £10 10/-, 
an unusually high price.  Limenitis camilla, L.—Lots 33, 34, and 35, 


2 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1/1944 


Forms of semi-nigrina and nigrina, £3, £3 10/-, and £5 10/-. Poly- 
gonia c-album, L.—The white ground form taken by the late A. B. Farn, 
£42. The writer has seen this insect sold on two separate occasions for 
£20 and £21. The price now realized, £42, seems an excessive figure 
as the writer knows of two somewhat similar forms. Lot 37, A melanic 
form, £7 10/-, and one with yellow eround colour, £3 5/-. Nymphalis 
polychloros, lu.—An aberration with the farewinpe clouded with black, 
£23. This same insect in 1942 sold for £8 10/-. Aglais urticae, L.— 
One with white ground colour in bred condition, £6 10/-, a not excessive 
price as pure-white or cream forms are very rare. Lot 42, An extreme 
melanic form, £12 10/- (£8 in 1942). Lot 48, A form with enlarged 
blue lunules on hindwings, £8 10/-, a much higher price than usual for 
this form (ab. cuneatiguttata, Rayn.). Nymphalis io, L.—Lot 45, 
This extreme melanic insect has twice changed hands at the price of 
£30. On this occasion it realized £42. Lot 46, An ab. belisaria, £5 5/-. 
Nymphalis antiopa, L.—A form minus the blue marginal shottine. £11 
10/-. This very rare form sold in 1941 for £7. Lots 49-51, Single speci- 
mens of type form, 22/-, £3, £3 3/-. Vanessa jee: This or a 
similar specimen sold in 1942 for 20/-. Vanessa atalanta, L.—A strik- 
ing underside aberration with unusually broad red bands, £5 5/-, an 
average price for this form (ab. klemenssiewiczi, Schille, fig. Frohawk.). 
Vanessa cardwi, L.—Lot 54, A form with whitish ground colour. This 
realized £18. It was sold in 1941 for £8. It is certainly a very rare 
insect. Lot 55, A very fine rayed form which sold for £14, not an ex- 
cessive price for such an extreme aberration. Argynnis paphia, L.— 
Lot 56, A fine male ab. melaina, D’ Aldin, £26, an unusually high price. 
Lot 57, An equally extreme female, for some reason not apparent, only 
realized £8 10/-, a very low price for such a fine insect. ' Lot 58, A fine 
© ab. confluens, Spuler, £4 5/-. Argynnis aglaia, L.—Lot 59, A fine 
melanic ¢, £11. Argynnis cydippe,. L.—Lot 60, A very fine 2 with 
_black forewings, £11. Lot 61, A male form of ab. charlotta, a very ex- 
* treme example, £17. In 1942 this realized £16 10/-. Decidedly an out- 
standing aberration. Lot 62, ab. cleodoxa, £2 6/-. Lot 63, Argynnis 
niobe, L., 38/-. Argynnis aglaia, L.—lLot 64, A ¢ with black fore- 
wings and dark hindwings, £18. Lot 65, A 2 ab. confluens, £12. 
Argynnis lathonia, 4—An aberration with suffused forewings, fig. in 
Barrett, £13 (£5 in 1942). Pairs sold for 23/-, 24/-, and 38/-. Argynnis 
euphrosyne, L.—Lot 70, A large white ©, £5 15/7 (£2 15/- in 1942). 
Lot 71, A yellow ¢ in bred condition, £2 8/-. Lot 72, A melanic 9, 21/-. 
Lot 73, A silvery underside from the British collection of. C. Oberthir, 
34/-. Argynnis selene, L.—Lot 74, A white ¢ in good condition, 25/-. 
Lot 75, A perfect yellow male, £2 10/-. Lot 76, An extreme melanic ¢ _ 
in bred condition, £12. Lot 77, A melanic male small in size, £5 15/-. 
Lot 78, A silvery underside, small, £2.  Melitaea athalia, Rott.—Lot 
79, A od with white markings, £6 10/-. Lot 80, A chocolate-coloured 
male, £3 10/-. Lot 81, A @ rayed on all wings, £3 7/6. Lot 82, A 9 
ab. navarina, £6 15/-.  Melitaea cinxia, L.—Lots 83-85, Three forms, 
13/-, 10/6, 13/-.- Melitaea aurinia, L.—Lot 86, A good pair of the 
melanic race bred by J. Shepherd of Herne Bay, £4 5/-. Lot 87, A- 
similar pair, £4 5/-. Lot 88, An albinistic form, 30/-. HErebia aethiops, 
Esp. nit 89, A 2 with aboorinally large spots on forewings, £3 12/6. . 
Pararge aegeria, L..—Lot 90, An albino term; 27) 10/— 5 Lob, 91} Tyag 5 


an?! 


. 


GRASSHOPPER GOSSIP. 3 


specimens of the form .aegerides, £5. Pararge megera, L.—Lot 92, A 
_ dark suffused aberration, £3 10/-. Lot 93, A banded form, 36/-. Saty- 
rus galathea, L.—Lot 94, The two famous all-black and all-white forms, 
£110. These were sold in 1942 for £91, and at the Harpur-Crewe sale 
some years ago for £63. Maniola jurtina, L.—Lot 97, An albino ¢ in 
bred condition, £6 10/-. Lot 98, A 2 albino, £11. Lot 99, A golden 6, 
£3 10/-. Lot 100, A similar © in perfect condition, £5 15/-. Aphan- 
topus hyperantus, L.—Lot 101, An ab. lanceolata, underside, £2 17/6. 
Maniola tithonus, lL.—Lot 102, A fine golden 3, £8 15/-. Lot 103, A 
striking 2 with light golden forewings and.typical hindwings, £5 5/-. 
Coenonympha tullia, Mull.—Lots 104-5, Two’examples of ab. lanceolata, 
10/- and £2 2/- each. Not exorbitant prices considering that this 
Delamere Forest form is extinct, and that such forms were always rare. 
Heodes (Lycaena) phlaeas, L.—Lot 108, A fine light golden form some- 
what similar to ab. schmidti, £22. This sold in 1942 for £5 5/-. Lot 
109, An ab. alba in first-class condition, 36/-, a low price. Lot 110, ab. 
bipunctata in good condition, £4 15/-. This form is always in request. 
Lot 111, A melanic and two pale golden. forms, £4. Lot 112, A fine ab. 
extensa-conjuncta, bred by E. Sabine and fig. in Frohawk, £9 (the price 
paid in 1942). Chrysophanus (Lycaena) dispar, Haw.—These sold each 
for sums of £6 15/-, £5, £4, £6 10/-, £4, £5, £6, and £6 15/-, according 
to condition. An aberration with rayed hindwings. Lot 116, £8, and 
Lot 117, with-heavily marked forewings, £7. Lot 119, A pair of British 
rutilus, £3 10/-. A specimen of H. (L.) chryseis, £3 10/-. ~ Cyaniris 
acis, Rott.—Sold in pairs from 30/- to 52/- each. Polyommatus icarus, 
Rott.—Lot 256, A perfect ab. caeca, 32/-, and an ab. obsoleta, 20/-. 


(To be completed.) 


GRASSHOPPER GOSSIP. 
By Matcortm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. 


I. THE GENUS PLATYCLEIS-METRIOPTERA. 


Orthopterists have for many years realized that the extensive genus 
Platycleis or Metrioptera, with seven dozen species, was a heterogeneous 
collection badly in need of revision. Even our British orthopterists, 
with only three species to consider, must have seen the marked difference 
between grisea on the one hand and brachyptera on the other. Now 
Dr Zeuner has given us the needed revision. He has split the genus 
into no less than eighteen genera, of which thirteen are new. 

In 1838 Wesmael separated the short-winged species brachyptera from 
' the long-winged Decticus, Serville. In 1852 Fieber established the genus 
Platycleis for a rather mixed lot, that he distinguished from Decticus. 
Under the influence of Brunner’s Prodromus, Fieber’s name prevailed 
for half-a-century for all the species. In 1908 Caudell revived the older, 
half- forgotten name Metrioptera. So our orthopterists grew accustomed ~ 
to using either generic name for all the species. ° 

In 1927 Ramme restored Platycleis for the grey, long-winged species 
related to grisea, leaving Metrioptera for all the others. Now Dr 
Zeuner, basing his work on no less than 83 species, has given us a new 
revision which, with characteristic modesty, he describes as provisional, 


: 


4 \ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1944 


It was published in the Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society 
of London, Vol. 91, Part I, pp. 1-50, with 45 figures, on 27th June 1941, 
under the title ‘‘ The Classification of the Decticinae hitherto included 
in Platycleis, Fieb., or Metrioptera, Wesm.”’ 

The introductory remarks are well worth the attention of all orthop- 
terists, but the points that interest those who are conterned only with 
the British species are the following. 


To begin with, he separates Platycleis grisea not into two races, as 
previously, but into two distinct species, to my satisfaction, for I have 
felt from my early collecting days that our British specimens, which I 
used to know so well along our coast between Folkestone and Dover, 
were distinguishable from many of the Continental forms. 


Most will be surprised, though, to find that the true grisea of Fabri- 
clus is not on our list, nor will it ever be, for it is the Kast European 
form, extending from Italy and Eastern Germany away to the Altai. 
That is to say, it spread from its Mediterranean original home north- 
wards east of the Alps. The west European form, which we have, is a 
distinct species, which Zeuner has separated, taking his type specimens 
from Tiibingen, in south western Germany. It is Platycleis occidentalis, 
Zeuner. Adopting the trinomial nomenclature, he gives us Platycleis 
occidentalis occidentalis, Znr., which extends from southern England 
over France down to the Pyrenees and into central, western and south- 
western Germany. We have, however, a second subspecies, P/. occiden- 
talis jerseyana, Znr., from Jersey and Guernsey. I have no doubt that 
the specimens from Jersey in my collection, taken nearly half-a-century 
ago, now in the Hope Museum, belong to this race. There are four 
other subspecies known, from Spain and Morocco. 


Our second British species, brachyptera, L., is the type species of 
Metrioptera as now restricted. It extends from England across the Old 
World to Kamchatka, and the only variant known is the macropterous 
form marginata, Thunb. This has not been recorded in Britain, so far 
as I can remember, but I have taken it in Normandy. The genus con- 
tains eleven other species. 


Our third British species, roeselii, Hag., is the type of a new genus, 
Roeseliana. The species extends from England to Siberia, with the 
single variant in the macropterous form diluta, Charp., which has been 
- taken in Essex. There are six other species of this genus. This species 
offers us another conundrum. Why is it confined, in Britain, to a nar- 
- row zone up the east coast from Essex to Lincoln ? 


Dr Zeuner has adopted an ingenious method of finding new names 
for many of his new genera, by simply adapting the name of the species 
which he has selected as the type, an ingenious ‘‘ memoria technica.”’ 
Thus we have not only Roeseliana roeselii, but also Sphagniana sphag- — 
norum, Decorana decorata and even Incertana incerta. 


It is hardly likely that any other species may be added to the British 
list, jadging from the geographical distribution, except possibly Bicolor- 
ana bicolor, Phil., which ranges from France away into Asia, and, con- 
ceivably, Metrioptera sausswriana, Frey-Gessner, known from the Jura, 
Alps and Apennines. 

Perhaps I may be pardoned the expression of a little gratification 
that, out of the 83 known species of the old genus Platycleis five were 


SUBSTITUTE FOODPLANTS. 5 


discovered by myself, in such widely separated localities as Madeira, 
Northern Spain, Macedonia, Hercegovina, and the Transcaucasus. 

To sum up, the correct nomenclature of our three British species is 
as follows :— 


1. Platycleis occidentalis occidentalis, Znr. 

la. Platycleis occidentalis jerseyana, Zur. 

29. Metrioptera brachyptera brachyptera, h. 

9a. Metrioptera brachyptera, f. marginata, Thunb. 
3. Roeseliana roeselit, Hagenb. | 

3a. Roeseliana roeselii, f. diluta, Charp. 


: SUBSTITUTE FOODPLANTS. : 
By Po By M. ‘Anpany M.A: 


I have read Mr E. P. Wiltshire’s article in the September issue of 
this Journal, and as it is concerned with a different matter from that 
which I initiated under this heading in the May 1942 issue, and con- 
tinued at page 1 of volume lv, I should probably not have 
penned the following lines had not Mr Wiltshire attributed to me a state- 
ment which I did not make and an opinion which I did not express. I 
remarked, at page 3 of that volume, that in a particular case Mr Wilt- 
shire’s theory of ‘‘ common associated evolution of plant and insect ’’ 
would not seem to apply. Mr Wiltshire has construed (at’ page 84) this 
statement as ‘‘ disproving ’’ the whole of his theory. This is very 
generous of him, but at present I prefer to reserve my judgment upon 
his remarkable thesis until he has brought forward the body of evi- 
dence which I have no doubt he wil! presently adduce. It is perhaps 
a little unfortunate that he should—douhbtless inadvertently—have 
adopted my title for his paper. 

That the Lepidoptera evolved ‘‘ side by side ”? with flowering plants 
(as I have stated elsewhere) is a postulate which accords with the evi- 
dence at present at our disposal; to assert that ‘‘ plant and insect ’’ have 
had ‘f a common associated evolution ’’ is quite another matter, and 
one wonders whether Mr Wiltshire has fully grasped the implications 
of his new philosophy. Plants form the. basis of all life on this earth, 
because enly plants are capable of converting inorganic matter into 
living matter. Ali animals therefore depend upon plants for their 
existence, either directly or indirectly. So if one class of animals, to 
wit insects, has had a ‘‘ common associated evolution®’ with plants, Mr 
Wiltshire will have to inform us why other classes of animals have not 
enjoved the same partnership. The advent of mainmals is usually 
associated with the appearance of grasses; does Mr Wiltshire claim 
that. lions and tigers have had a ‘‘ common associated evolution ’’ with 
erasses ? Nad 

With regard to substitute foodplants as 2 phenomenon in host-selec- 
tion and biological races, plainly the scientific aspect .of this problem is 
one with which Mr Wiltshire is but little acquainted, since he claims 
as a coinage a word which is to be found in most of the modern text- 
books dealing with the subject, as well as in the scientific periodicals 
devoted to the biological: sciences, both English, American and of other 


6 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1/1944 


countries. No doubt he has been handicapped by being obliged to base 
his premises partly, as he infcrms us, on a populan handbook for young 
collectors, published in 1907 and since reprinted many times from stereo- 
type plates. 

The literature of oligophagy and polypkhagy as phenomena in host- 
selection and biological races is now a considerable one. Schroeder’s 
observations, published so long ago as 1903, are still very much to the 
point, and Pictet’s classical experiments with the larva of Lasiocampa 
quercus, l., were printed’ in 1911. Hering gave attention to 
this subject in his important work on the biology of the Lepidoptera in 
1926, and the observations of Marchal (1908), Field (1910), Goschen 
(1913), Larson (1927), Harrison (1927), Thompson and Parker. (1928), 
and Sladden (1934) should also be consulted. Craighead (1922) and 
Thotpe (1929-30-31) I have already quoted in a previous article. In 
1936 Tate and Vincent discussed the literature of the subject, already 
large by that time, and an admirable brief résumé of the work done to 
date was made by Imms in 1937. The names of all the observers in 
several countries who have devoted their attentions to this subject are 
too numerous to mention here; their published papers should be studied 
carefully by anyone who enters upon this field. 

The literature of insect palaeontology is also voluminous, so that one 
hardly knows how to deal succinctly with all the questions which Mr 
Wiltshire asks on page 84; but, baldly and briefly, the following facts 
may be of some assistance to him. 

The earliest fossil Coleoptera known at present have been found in 
rocks of the Upper Permian. They consist of two families, the Permo- 
philidae and the Permséswiidae, Of these the first-mentioned appear 
(teste Imms) to be ‘‘ the direct ancestors of the existing Hydrophilidae, 
while the Permosynidae evidently lead on to genera existing in the 
Upper Triassic rocks.’’ It was a discovery in rocks of this age at Bel- 
mont, N.S.W., that enabied the late R. J. Tillyard to describe, in 1924, 
the tegmen-like elytron for which he erected the order PRorocoLEopr- 
TERA. Remains of what appear to be even more generalized-Coleopterid 
types occur in the same strata as these ancient beetles. In rocks of the 
Lower Permian occur the curious beetle-like Protelytroptera. Recent 
work on the Lower Permian beds of Kansas has been described (1933-5) 
by Dr F. M. Carpenter. As for the ages of the Permian and Trias, 
Mr C. E. P. Brooks assesses the age of their bases by duration ratio at 
269 and 249 million years respectively. True Coleoptera are abundant 
in the Trias and include already specialized types. 

Mr Wiltshire’s question (at page 84), ‘‘ What palaeontological evi- 
dence is there of this genus (i.e. Cionws) preceding the Tertiary Age by 
some two hundred millions vears ’? would seem to indicate some mis- 
apprehension. Coleopterid types have! been found in the Trias which 
certain observers have gone so far as to refer to existing Families; but 
IT know of no evidence pointing to the existence of any modern genus 
in rocks of that age. In his recent (1943) paper, ‘‘ Studies in the 
Systematics of Troides, Hubner,’’ Zeuner writes (p. 174): ‘‘ One will 
be fairly close to the mark, therefore, if one accepts a period of 500,000 
to one million years as the time required for the evolution of a ‘ good ’ 
species . . . One important point, however, must not be overlooked. 
Tf half to one million years are required for the characters of a species 


COLLECTING NOTES. 7 


to become stabilized and irreversible, the species, once it has been so 
formed, may continue to survive virtually unaltered for a very long time 
thereafter. That this is the case is suggested, for instance, by certain 
Hydrophilidae . . . which have persisted with no apparent change in 
specific characters since the upper Miocene, a period of about 18 million , 
years.”’ But then, Hydrophilid beetles would, apparently, live in un- 
changed conditions, as regards environment, for untold periods; so this 
particular case for unchanged conditions during a period of 18 million 
years is altogether exceptional. Prima facie, such would not seem to 
apply, to a highly specialized group such as Cionus, dependent upon 
terrestrial plants. Presumably even Common Associated Evolution has 
not stood still so far as the Coleoptera are concerned. That any genus 
of animals should have existed in esse for the tremendous period of 
200 million years wouid be altogether opposed to our present conception 
of evolution. 

But, as I have said, a large amount of work in several countries has 
been, and is being, done on both these subjects, and I fear Mr Wilt- 
shire will find that much diligent reading will be required to enable 
him to catch up with it. Perhaps I may add that to propound a new 
theory of evolution without considerable acquaintauce with modern 
scientific work on palaeontology and biological races seems to be a little 
precipitate. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


An Unusuat Pierip Parrinc.—On 18.iv.43, in my garden at Rod- 
borough, I netted a pair of Pierids flying in cop., the male being P. rapae 
and the female P. napi.—T. Barnepricce FLetcHER, Rodborough, 24.x.43. 


SomE Dates ror GRASSHOPPERS.—The warm Spring of 1943 brought 
on Acrididae and I give dates when our local species were first noted 
this year at Rodborough (600 feet, on odlite), with some early and late 
dates of previous years:—Stenobothrus lineatus, $9, 18.vi (14.v1.38, 
27.x.3/); Omocestus viridulus, ¢ 11.vi, 2 18.vi (11.vi.40, 9.x.37); .O. pen- 
tralis, not seen in 1943, not at all common here (12.viii.39, 4.x.37); Myr- 
-meleotettix maculatus, 28.v (13.vi.38, 2.x1.37); Chortippus bicolor, 9? 
28.vi (28.v1.40, 2.x1.37); C. parallelus, ¢ 12.vii (¢ 6.vii.38, 9 18.x.37); 
Gomphocerus rufus, SQ 28.vi1 (80.vii.40, 11.xi1.37, and one, still im- 
mature, on 26.xi.37).—T. Barnsricce FietcHer, Rodborough, 24.x.43. 


Non-SpEctric ASSEMBLING ScENTs IN Macro-Leprpoprera.—With re- 
ference to Dr Kettlewell’s interesting notes in the Ent Rec., lv, 107, and 
liv, 62, it may be worth while to record that in 1940 Mr J. C. F. Fryer, 
who was breeding Spilosoma lutea, Hutin., from Wood Walton Fen, 
noticed that there were as many as twenty Arctia caja males in the 
insectary one morning, although there were no females of the latter in 
any, of the cages, and they continued to appear as long as the S. lutea 
-were emerging. The insectary is a wooden building about 18 feet by 
9 feet 6 inches with wire netting sides standing in the laboratory garden. 
The same thing happened in 1941 and 1942. In case there should have 
been any wild females of A. caja anywhere near the insectary, the cage 
containing the S. lutea was in 1942 moved to an open greenhouse in 


8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1944 


another part of the garden. MHere the same occurrence was observed. 
In 1943. when S. lutea emerged rather earlier in the season and before 
A. caja was properly out, only a few A. caja males were attracted. It 
can therefore be assumed that females of NS. lutea are attractive to males 
of A. caja.—H. M. Epersten and J. C. F. Fryer, Plant Pathological 
Laboratory, Harpenden, 29/11/1943. 


A Beratep Recorp.—At the end of July 1911, as the ship on which 
my mother was returning from America docked at Southampton a large 
Noctuid flew through the porthole into her cabin. This she captured 
and gave to my father. For some reason or other he never took steps 
to identify it or record it. Recently I sent the insect to Dr E. A. 
Cockayne, who kindly identified it as ah American species, Hadenu 
arctica, Boisduval. It is figured in Holland’s Moth Book, plate xix, 
fic. 45, who says it is a common species ranging from Canada to New 
England and westward to Colorado. The interest of this record is that 
it proves that moths can be transported on ships from country to country 
in their perfect state. If this moth had flown straight from ship to shore 
and then had been captured, a record as a British specimen would then 
have been certain. Whether this should stand as a British record isa 
moot point. To my way of thinking it should certainly not. Neverthe- 
less, I should be pleased to hear other peoples’ views.—A. RUSSELL JAMES, 
Braemar, Morgan Crescent, Theydon Bois, Essex. 


Susstitutp Foop-Piants.—Mr Wiltshire’s Vitis-Galium Group of 
‘« Systematic diversity ’’ is by no means confined to the Sphingidae. We 
have a specimen of Desmia maculalis, Pyralidae, Pyraustinae reared by 
the late Miss Murtfeldt on Oenothera (Onagraceae) though its usual food 
is Vitis. Also, if pairs of representative species are allowed, we have 
Alypia octomaculata (Agaristidae) on Vitis and Ampelopsis, the very 
close A. langtonii on Epilobium; also Eudryas grata (Noctuidae, Acro- 
nyctinae) on Vitis, but the very close EH. unio on Onagraceae and Lyth- 
‘rum. IL veferred to these cases in Ent. News, xxxvii, 310, 1926, and used 
the terms oligophagous and oligophagy in that connection. 

A curious case parallel to P. machaon’s occasional reversion to Ruta- 
ceae is a single P. asterias I found once on Cosmos (Compositae): in- 
stead of reverting to the normal food.of its ancestors it is looking for- 
ward to the food of P. oregona. 

Two further cases of very striking oligophagy are Papilio thoas and 
Celerio lineata, for the chosen foods have not only no botanical relation, 
but no biological similarity. P. thoas is commonly a Citrus feeder, 
living on high trees, but in British and Dutch Guiana is more commonly 
found on the practically herbaceous Peperomia, within inches of the 
gcround (Piperaceae). C. lineata shows the beginning of biological races, 
for specimens feeding on Oenothera (Onagraceae) commonly are green, 
and rest on the stems of the plant, while those on purslane (Portwlaca- 
ceae) are black and bask on the ground in full sunlight. It will also take 
other foods but more rarely. 

Callosamia promethea is perhaps not a fair example, for it will occa- 
sionally take a wide variety of trees and shrubs, though its three favour- 
ite foods are certainly botanically far enough apart: Sassafras and spice- 
bush (Lauraceae), tulip tree (Magnoliaceae) and lilac (Oleaceae). —WM. 
T. M. Forzes, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 


: COLLECTING NOTES. 9 


THIRD APPEARANCE OF DiIrRA MEGERA.—The afternoon of 9th October 
was bright and warm and [| was surprised to see two fresh-looking males 
of Dira megera playing together in my garden. I caught one and found 
it perfectly fresh, so presume that these males belonged to a third 
emergence, especially as the last individual of Brood II was noted as 
seen on 30th August, the first male having been seen as early as 22nd 
July. 


I have been rather puzzled to know what genonym to use in referring 
to this species. One has been accustomed to place megera and aegeria 
(and other Holarctic species) in Pararge, described in 1817 (Verz., p. 
59) by Hiibner solely for aegeria, which was its genotype from its in- 
ception (Hiibner’s other ‘‘ species,’’? his meone, ff. 179-180, is merely the 
more yellowish Southern form of aegeria). Recently, however, Dr Bryan 
P. Beirne has told us (Entom. Ixxvi, 51: iii, 1943) that ‘‘ aegeria has 
apparently no generic character in common with megera,’’ for which he 
uses Lasiommata, Westwood. But, on looking up the original descrip- 
tion (British Butterflies, p. 65: 1841) one finds that Westwood’s name 
was a mere synonym of Pararge, Hb., 1817, as it included aegeria 
(already the genotype of Pararge) and megera (‘‘ megaera’’) and West- 
wood himself stated that ‘‘ they [uegeria and megera] form Hitibner’s 
two groups, Pararge and Dira’’-; so that the result of Westwood’s action 
was merely to provide Pararge with an unnecessary synonym. 

Dira was also described in 1817 by Hiibner (Verz., pp. 59-60) for four 
species :—570, roxelana, Cram., 161 C-F; 571, ‘‘ megaera,’’ Linn., Hb. 
ff. 177-178; 572, maera, Linn., Hb. ff. 174, 175; and 573, clytus, Linn-, 
Cram. 86 C-D. Of these four species, it is evident that Hiibner derived 
his genonym, Dira, from ‘‘ megaera,’’ which was thereby indicated as 
the genotype of Dira from the latter’s inception. The connection be- 
tween the two names, Dira and Megaera, is plainly shown in Viregil’s 


Aeneid, xii, 845-847: ‘‘ Dicuntur geminae pestes cognomine Dirae, 
Quas et Tartaream Nox intempesta Megaeram Uno eodemque tulit 
partu,... [‘‘ Twain Plagues there are, the Dread Ones named of men, 


Whom with Megaera at one Hellish birth Night bare untimely, 
Billson’s Transl. | 


Anyone who cavils at the statement that Hiibner himself indicated 
megera as genotype of Dira may note that Westwood in 1841 made the 
same selection when he mentioned only ‘‘ megaera’’ as forming Hiib- 
ner’s group Dira. Amecera, Butler, 1867, with genotype megera, is a 
synonym of Dira. : 

We have, therefore, (1) Pararge, Hb. 1817 (genotype aegeria, Linn.) 
= Lasiommata, Westwood 1841, and (2) Dira, Hb. 1817 (genotype 
megera, Linn.) = Amecera, Butler 1867, so far as our Lists are con- 
cerned.—T. Batnpriccr FLeTcHER, Rodborough, 24/x/43. 


LoneEvity or Epipstnia (RHYACIA) SIMULANS.—On 28.v1.43 I took a 
° Epipsilia simulans and kept her for eggs, assuming that she had been 
fertilized as males were on the wing several days earlier, and on 17.vii 
I caught and put with her a second female for the same purpose. One 
of these (which one I cannot say) was dead on 11.viil; the other lived on, 
was moribund on 17.x and dead on 18.x, so had lived in captivity at 
least three, perhaps nearly four, months. Neither female oviposited, 
so perhaps fertilization takes place under natural conditions some weeks 


10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1944 


after emergence. In previous years also | have kept simulans females 
but have never been able to obtain eggs. Jn the present case the longev- 
ity of the individuai female was exceptional and seems noteworthy. My 
earliest and latest dates of captures have been 22.vi in 1939 and 1940 
and 1.ix.34, the later specimens being worn and the last date unusual. 
In a fairly long series of specimens and after ten years’ experience of 
the occurrence of simulans in my garden, J note that this moth is not 
uncommon from about Midsummer Day to mid-July in normal years and 
not seen thereafter, except in 1934, when worn examples occurred around 
the end of August.—T. Bainsricer FLercHer, Rodborough, 24.x.43. 


- Heopges pHuanas, L.: THirp EmercEeNce.—I was very interested in 
Mr Siviter Smith’s note on H. phiaeas in Gloucestershire, and as this 
question of a third emergence has a-bearing on the subject of hiberna- 
tion I have kept as detailed records as possible of the natural emergence 
of this and other species. I was able to collect data for H. phlaeas this 
year from Banstead, Surrey, and from the Cambridge district, where | 
was stationed for three months in the summer. 

At Banstead the first brood appeared about 15th May and had ceased 
by 5th June. The numbers were below average and size was smallish. 
Then followed a blank period until 23rd July, when another brood of 
the duskier summer form appeared. These were well out when [ re- 
turned to Cambridge at the end of July. Comparison with previous 
years and with observation at Cambridge indicated that this brood 
probably finished its span by the middle of August. Being on leave 
again in the middle of September, [| found an entirely fresh emergence 
starting on 16th September and this was kept up until 9th October, on 
which date I took several beautiful specimens, quite fresh with clear 
copper forewings and much reduced spotting. It is interesting to re- 
cord that the two weeks previous to 9th October had been unseasonably 
cold with a ground frost on the night of 7th-8th October—the critical 
stage of pupal existence for these particular specimens. 

Near Cambridge there was a plentiful emergence during the first two 
weeks of August with a break until the middle of September. From this 
time until I left on 5th October emergence was occurring in quite fair 
numbers. The form was the colder weather type with no dusky shading. 
These results were paralleled in 1941 (in the autumn of 1942 IT was un- 
able to do any observing) when f found a third emergence of H. phlaeas 
at Banstead and Wimbledon early in October. From these results and 
from still earlier data I feel confident that, as far as the south-eastern 
part of England is concerned, there is a definite third emergence of this 
species in late September and October. Rearing from August ova sup- 
ports this view, as broods tend to divide up into hibernating larvae and 
non-hibernators which can be reared through without a break.— F. V. 1. 
Jarvis, 21 Shirley Avenue, Sutton, Surrey. 


ARGYNNIS PAPHIA, Linn. (AN Enqurry).—As is well known, this species 
in certain seasons in the New Forest varies in considerable numbers. 
In‘practically every instance these seasons occur only at long intervals, 
and then continue for two successive seasons, such for example as the 
years 1918 and 1919 and 1941 and 1942. Apart from these dates, there 
have been no seasons during which more than an odd specimen of an 
aberration has been seen or taken. Certainly in’1917 and 1940 very 


COLLECTING NOTES. 11 


few aberrations were reported. The forms produced are minor and ex- 
treme forms of ab. melaina in which the wings are clouded more or less 
heavily with black, or ab. conflwens, in which the normal spots are joined 
together, forming bars or stripes. Now, taking into consideration the 
principles of the Mendelian Law, one would expect this aberration to 
continue into the third year, whereas they entirely disappear and may 
not again appear for as leng an interval as 20 years or more, as evi- 
denced by the dates I have given in particular. What may be the 
explanation of this? Is it that heredity has no part in the production 
of the aberrations and that they are due to climatic or other influences? 
Tt is interesting to note that when the aberrations occur in the New 
Forest they are also reported from other and far distant localities where, 
so far as I can learn, they are normally never seen. This seems to show 
that the cause is one that affects the whole country and due -to other 
influences than heredity.. In addition to the many examples captured 
a number were released as being too worn for the cabinet and it is 
reasonable to assume that in such a large area many evaded notice. 
Some learned person may say that as all the vars. were captured they 
had no chance to reproduce aberrations. An absurd argument, of 
course, as many more aberrations than were caught must have been 
flving in the enclosures. I have bred from extreme forms of ab. melainu, 
the first generation of which has produced only normal forms together 
with var. valezina, but unfortunately I have not been able to proceed 
further owing to the insects refusing to pair in captivity. Some com- 
ments from Dr Cockayne, whose knowledge of the technicalities of the 
Mendelian Law is so comprehensive, would be interesting and valuable. 
—S§. G. Caszie Russetn, ‘‘ Springetts,’? Highcliffe, November 1943. 


[Mr Castle Russell raises an interesting question in his note on 
Argynnis paphia. It has been suggested that the aberrations confluens, 
melaina, and various intermediate forms have a genetic basis, but that 
in addition an environmental factor is necessary to make them apparent. 
The most probable factor is temperature. Thus abnormai cold or heat 
at some critical period of development would produce aberrational forms 
in insects of the confluens or melaina genotype, but would not affect 
those genotypically normal. Such a state of affairs has been proved to 
occur in the case of a dark form of Panaxia dominula. If the aberrations 
were purely genetic they should occur in approximately the same per- 
centages every year in a given locality, if the population were a suffi- 
ciently large one, but Mr Castle Russell has shown that this is not so. 
It is unlikely that an environmental factor such as temperature is the 
sole cause. A brood of A. paphia, which produced a number of beautiful 
aberrations, was not subjected by Mr L. W. Newman, the breeder. to 
extreme heat or cold, and the years in which aberrations of paphia and 
Limenitis sibilla ab. nigrina and ab. seminigrina occur in nature are not 
exceptionally hot or cold. Final proof can only be obtained by breeding 
experiments such as Dr Kettleweli carried out with P. dominula,—E. A. 
CocKayNE, Merstone, Tring. | 


12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1944 


CURRENT NOTES. 


THe Second Sale of the Beckwith Whitehouse Collection will take 
place at the Glendining Rooms, 7 Argyle Street, on Tuesday, 25th Janu- 
ary, at 12 o’clock. 


In addition to the decease of Sir Edward Poulton, which was re- 
ported in our pages last month, we have to report the passing of three 
more of the generous band of Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society 
who some 20 years ago worked so strenuously and so successfully to raise 
the financial position.and status of the Society. We hope to give short 
notices of H. Willoughby-Ellis, H. Eltringham, and W. G. Sheldon. We 
regret to hear the decease of L. B. Prout has just been announced. 


Part vi of the ‘‘ Microlepidoptera of Gloucestershire,’ extracted 
from the Proc. Cotteswold Nat, Field. Club, by. T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher 
and C. G. Clutterbuck, has reached us. It is rather unusual that our 
local bodies of Naturalists are able to publish details of the occurrence 
of Microlepidoptera, and we congratulate this Society on the records 
they are advancing. It is the custom to record in counties but whether 
such assemblies are really scientific would in many cases be difficult to 
advocate. Jt seems better to take an area based on some physical divi- 
sion such as 2 river basin, a chalk area, a plateau, even a sea dominant 
area, or a mountain valley, rather than a politically limited locality, 
and thus associating soil and plants and climate in ax ecological whole. 

In the Entomological News (Philadelphia) for October there is a very 
interesting account of the life career of a batch of larvae from an egg- 
mass of a Sphingid moth. A female of Ceratomia catalpae laid an egg 
mass of 369 ova. About 350 larvae ultimately began their Jife on the 
underside of one catalpa leaf, dispersing over the tree in about three 
days. <A close record of what happened between hatching (August 21) 
and pupation (October 10) was kept. Eventually about 15 pupae re- 
sulted which next year will prove how many of these are free from 
ichneumon attack. The brood suffered loss from Ants, Bad Storms, 
Attacks by a Hemipteron species and by Ichneumons (more than a single 
species and at different stages). The next morning after hatching about 
100 larvae were missing, the worst single populational disaster. The 
cause of this was not definitely ascertained but the suspicion was on the 
Ants that had threatened attack en the first day. Thus the percentage 
remaining out of the 369 ova was 4.1% so far. 


ComMpaRATIVELY few English Entomologists seem to see the T'rans- 
actions of the Zoological Society of London, so it seems as well to <all 
attention to a particularly interesting paper recently published therein 
(Vol. xxv, part 3, pp. 107-184, ‘ July ’’ 1943 [sent out on 20.1x.43]) 
by Dr F. E. Zeuner, ‘‘ Studies in the Systematics of Troides . . . and 
its Allies; Distribution and Phylogeny in relation to the Geological 
History of the Australasian Archipelago.’’ It is not possible to sum- 
marize this long paper in a short paragraph, but, besides Dr Zeuner’s 
work on the Troides (Ornithoptera) group of Butterfiies, it contains a 
great deal of very interesting information on such subjects as the Time 
Factor in Evolution, Climatic Chauges and Fluctuations of the Sea-level, 
and the Theory of Continental Drift, as applicable to the Australasian 
Archipelago—and also requiring consideration in any study of other 
Insect Groups from this area.—T. Barysricce FiercHer, Rodborough. 


ee ee Ne BN ae 
omen een oe 
- ney 


oe ai 


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EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. 
They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Wanted urgently for experimental purposes, ova or larvae (forced) of A. caia 


which are not going into hibernation.—Dr H. B. D. eg ee Cranleigh, 
Surrey. 


Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than ab. lutea and 
ab: bimacula. Duplicates—British L. l-album, exigua, cribrum, ocellaris ab. 
intermedia, etc —Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. 

Desiderata—Try petidae (Diptera) from Scotch, Welsh, and Irish localities. H. W. 

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Wanted.—Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all regions including British Isles. 
Also wanted other species of Chrysophanids from all areas. Exchange or 
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Book Wanted.—Barret, British Cee aan Vol. 3—L. E. ete de 65 Cranmer | 
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Books Wanted.—‘ Draug-Seitz Suppt., Vol. III (Noctuae),’ ” English preferred.— | 
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Book wanted—Frohawk, F. W., ‘ Varieties of British Butterflies ’’ (1938)—A. F. L. 
Bacon, The Malt House, Burghcler é, Newbury. 

Desiderata.—Wanted a pair of Argyrophorus argenteus, the silver butterfly of 


Chili. Suitable exchange or cash.—S. G. Castle Russell, ‘‘ Springetts,’ Sea- 
view, Highcliffe-on-Sea, Hants. 


' Wanted, many species of ova, larvae and pas: dike Barrett’s British Lepidop- 


tera, Tutt’s Practical Hints, and Buckler’s Larvae of British Lepidoptera.— 
Pickard, 36 Storeys Way, Cambridge. 


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No. 2, 


FEBRUARY 1944 


ENTOMOLOGISTS | 


| “MAR 13 1944 


no 


~ JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


ae ; _ EDITED with the assistance of 


_- MALCOLM Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.S., 
E, A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.ES., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
J. Ae aaa IP., F.RES. cnt horume gti sarye 
| _H. DonisrHorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 
| ss Editor Emeritus—G. T. BEeTHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. : 
en aoe By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 
‘ CONTENTS. 
SUPISTA (COLEOPHORA) CONYZAE, ZELL., IN DORSET, S. C. Brown. oe 13 
BOARMIA (TEPHROSIA). CONSONARIA, AB. W AIENSIS, IN THE FOREST 
OF DEAN, G. B. Manley ate xe os Se 
wt “Two VISITS TO THE HAMMAR LAKE, £. P. _ Wiltshire, PRES. Meee Lk 
Si.) 3 WHITEHOUSE SALE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA ..0 000 ee 17 
| ORTHOPTERA OBSERVED IN 1942, J. A. Whellan __.... 18 
| A NOTE ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SOME MICROGASTERINE BRACON- 
_ IDAE(HYM.), W. D. Hincks, M.P.S., F.R.E.S, a , : : 7 ae OF Ss 


COLLECTING NOTES : Monincmecsentrs Notes. P. B. M. dian: Mice Eating 
Insects, etc., Horace Donisthorpe; An Entomological Mystery, S. G. Castle 
Russell; Notodonta dromedarius, L., on Hazel, P. B. M. Allan; Hemearis 
- lucina, L., in the New Forest, Jd.; Butterflies Protected on Both Sides 

- when in Flight, Rev. Desmond Murray; Gall-Midges on the Aspen in the 
Hebrides, J. W. Heslop Harrison; Oporinia filigrammaria, etc., in the Isle 
of Rhum, Jd.; Eulype subhastata, Nolcken, in the Hebrides, Td.: An ap- 
parently New Food Plant for Vanessa cardui, Id. i oh, ae Be, BLS ees 


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VOL? LVEz PLATE I, 


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Ent. Record and Journ. of Variation, 1944. 


LARVAL CASES OF EUPISTA (COLEOPHORA) CONYZAE, ZELL., ON 
INULA DYSENTERICA. 


EUPISTA (COLEOPHORA) CONYZAE, ZELL., IN DORSET. 13 


EUPISTA (COLEOPHORA) CONYZAE, ZELL., IN DORSET.~ Sn ot Comp, 
“ae? 


By S. C. Brown. 7 } Zactoay 
I 52,0 (Plate I.) . MAR 13 19. 
ifpe2aRn’ 


The late Prof. Waters, in discussing this species in the Hint. Monthly — 


Mag., 63, 1927, p. 184, writes: I had always regarded this as essen- 
tially a south-coast species ; in Dorset and the Isle of Wight, for instance; 
it is locally common in sheltered spots near the sea, but the only British 
inland locality recorded seems to be the Box Hill district of Surrey. It 
is therefore an unexpected pleasure to be able to add this species to the 
Oxfordshire list. Dale, Lepidoptera of Dorset, 1886, gives the Swanage 
coast. 2 
It is not, however, completely confined to the coast in Dorset. I 
came across this species in 1939 at Hodd Hill, near Blandford, where I 
found the cases in plenty on Inula conyza. In 1942 I revisited this 
locality, but failed to find a single case. ; 

As this species was not figured by Stainton, I venture to submit a 
drawing of the larval cases on J. dysenterica.—Bournemouth. 


BOARMIA (TEPHROSIA) CONSONARIA, AB. WAIENSIS, IN. THE 
FOREST OF DEAN. 


By G. B. Mantey. 


Having heard that 7’. consonaria was locally common in the Forest 
of Dean and in certain districts the ab. waiensis also occurred I paid a 
visit to the Forest in early May 1940. I was joined. by the late Sir 
Beckwith Whitehouse. We found several of the moths, beth type and 
waiensis, but they were rather worn and had evidently been out some 
time. We got a small batch of ova and from these we bred a number 
of the moths, which hatched out in the April following. They were all 
type, with no sign of the waiensis form. The pairings had evidently 
taken place before we found the insects. 

The females of this brood were very distinctly marked with the 
“‘ Square Spot ”’ on the forewings; otherwise there was very little differ- 
ence between them and others from southern districts. . 

After this disappointment we went again to the Forest and our 
efforts were rewarded. We took about a dozen each, about half of 
them ab. waiensis. I was fortunate in finding on the same trunk a male 
and female of the waiensis form, which had evidently paired overnight. 

From these I obtained ova which duly hatched and the larvae had 
all pupated by the middle of July. The following April the moths ap- 
peared, 27 waiensis and 4 type. Sir Beckwith got nearly the same re- 
sult from his brood, which was larger than mine. 

Having got two pairings (this takes place in the early hours, after 
midnight) of the warensis, I bred 47 moths in 1943, all true waiensis. 
They did not vary much, the ground colour of the forewings being 
dark brown, in some almost black, especially the females. The patch 
of grey on the upper wings was more pronounced in some. The lower 
wings were deeply banded with the dark colour, the ground colour 
being grey. 


14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1944 


The summary of results is as follows :— 
waiensis. Typical. 


1941 From wild waiensis 92 | Nil ao 
1942 From wild waiensis 92 Qt 4 
1943 From 1942 waiensis ¢ and 2 AT Nil 


I have no record ot Sir Beckwith’s second brood, 1943. 


The larvae were fed on birch. They hatched from the ova in about 
a fortnight, fed up rapidly, and all had pupated by the middle of July. 
They are night feeders, resting by day fully extended along the birch 
stems. 

The waiensis form is quite a striking-looking insect, especially when 
one sees it on the trunks. Owing to the almost ‘perfect camouflage and 
the shade of the woodlands it is somewhat difficult to find. The grey 
patch. on the forewings seems to catch the eye first. They appear to 
prefer the spruce trunks as a resting place. ; 

Unfortunately, all the trees in the locality we visited have been 
felled, including the fine avenue of large spruce. However, I know that 
Sir Beckwith turned up a number of waiensis in another area, where 
the type was already in evidence.—72 Tenbury Road, King’s Heath, 
Birmingham. 


TWO VISITS TO THE HAMMAR LAKE. 
(24th May and 14th November 1943.) 
WITH A. DISCUSSION OF S. TRAQIAN MARSH FAUNA. 
By E. P. Wiirsuire, F.R.E.S. 


(Cartographers apply the name Hammar Lake to the whole; local usage 
-to the part; the author here follows the former.) 


On 24th May a North wind was blowing and the Euphrates flood was 
at its peak. The lake therefore was at its maximum extent along its — 
entire southern shore; the water now lapped the edge of the rising 
ground to the south of the village which we were visiting, a few miles 
to the north of the Basra-Bagdad line running west from Ma’qil, Basra. 
The village name is given on no map; it contains not a single permanent 
house; there is therefore no need to give its name here. Inhabited by 
Marsh Arabs, its houses are built of reed and rush; they are moved 
from their low-water position southwards on to higher ground when the 
floods come. The flood season lasts from April to July. 

The high ground against which the flood waters now lapped was a 
waterless sand-and-gravel desert, a botanical account of which has re- 
cently been published*; the animals and insects of this desert are not 
discussed here, though some attention was, of course, paid to them on 
each of the two visits here described. The ground between the high- 
water limit and the low-water limit is alluvial mud. 

The bright, rather hot afternoon was now inclining to evening; that 
is, the temperature had been well over 90° F. in the shade, nothing out 
of the way for this part of the world, where mid-day shade-temperatures 


=7IML, (PAO NEN The Flora of the Desert to the South and West of Basra, Meso- 
potamia ’”’ (Proc. Linn. Soc. London, Part 1, August 1941). 


‘ 


TWO VISITS TO THE HAMMAR LAKE. 15 


of over 110° F. usually continue for several months every summer, with 
peaks of 120° F. or a few degrees more. 


Leaving the car at the water’s edge, we embarked and beheld the 
village before us as though floating in the water. Actually it now stood 
on a muddy ridge about half-a-mile north of the car; it consisted of a 
few semi-circular roofed structures around which huddled a few animals, 
humans and boats. The men guiding our craft were well-built, well-fed, 
and seemed none the unhealthier for their humid habitat. It is a curi- 
ous fact that malaria is not prevalent in these marsh districts, though 
it ruins the health of the population of the Shatt-el-Arab date-zone. 
Not a tree broke the sky-line. Soon a new element of vegetation ap- 
peared on our short horizon, behind the village—a low dark green line. 
Crossing the ridge on which the village stood, and which was a bare inch 
or two above water at its highest point, by a shallow channel cut in the 
mud, we approached the green line, which proved, on inspection, to con- 
sist entirely of bulrush (Typha). As dusk fell, we could just distinguish 
a pelican flying low over the water away from our course. One or two 
solitary reed-stems (Phragmites) pierced the waters around us, but in 
this vicinity, at least, they were of no ecological significance; the same 
could be said of a solitary tamarisk, planted by our host to mark the 
low-water site of the village and the beginning of a channel piercing 
the rush-bed ; this tree also stood out of the waters. 


We pushed into the bulrush-bed by the channel, and stopped at a 
slight widening of the channel. No other vegetable species was to be 
seen above the water except the Typha. The lamp was lit, the sheet 
spread, and soon many gnats came to it. Only three species of moth 
were seen: Nymphula affinialis, Guen., came in swarms; a single micro 
(BM.32) came with them; and a female Sideridis zeae, Dup., was netted 
among the bulrushes close to the boat. JI saw no traces of any boring 
insect in the bulrushes. 


‘“ These are all bulrush (Bardi),’’ I said to my host; ‘‘ Are there no 
reeds (Qasab) ?’’ 

‘“ Not here. There are some beds of it nearly ten miles away, higher 
up the lake.’’ 


Half-an-hour after lighting up we returned across the now darkened 
waters towards the village. Swarms of affinialis still came to the light, 
though we had left the rushes far behind. . 


On the way back we stopped the’car in the desert and shone the 
head-lights ; affinialis again appeared in some numbers, though a greater 
contrast than that of its desert habitat to its marsh habitat cannot be 
imagined. Twelve other species of moth also came to light in the desert, 
some in numbers. The dry desert was evidently richer in species than 
the marsh, though the climatic optimum for desert insects had already 
passed, and we were approaching the summer diapause, whereby the 
desert’s midsummer becomes almost as lifeless as a winter. - 


The comparative poverty in Lepidoptera of the marsh (where only 
one species was numerous, and only three seen at all) was the more 
remarkable because at this date I had expected a maximum of marsh 
insect-life. I based this expectation on my previous experience of 
Middle East marsh biotopes and marsh Lepidoptera, which can be 
summed up in the following table: 


16 PNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1944 


Latitude, Height (feet), Character of Marsh. Name and Seasont of 
and Locality. ¢~ : Borer-Moth. 
36-37° N. c. 3000. Kur- Small streams: Typha A. geminipuncta, Vi. 

distan. usually alone: Phrag- P. typhae, vi-vii. 
mites in Rubus thic- 
kets. 
33-34° N. c. 3000. Coele- Small marsh fed by large A. geminipuncta, vi-vii. 
Syria. spring; Phragmites, P. typhae, vi-vii. 
Typha, Iris pseuda- A. sparganii, vi-vii- 
corus. 
31-32° N. 200. Ahwaz. Ballast - pits containing P. castaneae, iv. 


water, surrounded by 

alluvial desert Phrag- 

mites, Tamarix. (In ‘ 
irrigated gardens 

Arundo donax is 

grown as wind-break, 

mixed with some 

Phragmites.) 


29-30° N. c. 5500. Shiraz. Mountain - stream with 
succession of springs; 
Phragmites, Typha. 
28-29° N. (?) 8000. Kuh Not seen by me. 
Taftan. 


. typhae, vi-vii. 
. algae, Vi. 
sohn-retheli, vi. 


. typhae, vi. 


ym 


(The record of the last of the above localities was by Brandt, in litt., 
to me. The full names of the above borer-moths are: Phragmitiphila 
typhae, Thnbg.; Arenostola sohn-retheli, Pungl.; Archanara sparganii, 
Esp.; Archanara geminipuncta, Haw. (ssp. wiltshirei, B.-Salz, in Syria, 
and ssp. (?) orientalis, Wagn., in Kurdistan); Archanara algae, Esp. 
(=cannae); Phragmatoecia. castaneae, Hubn.). 

It was therefore probable that the reed- or rush-boring Agrotidae, 
if present at all, would be on the wing in May-June in the Hammar 
Lake marshes (Lat. 30-31° N. Height above sea, less than 50 feet). I 
had previously failed to detect traces of typhae in the bulrushes of the 
tertiary creeks or ditches of the Basra date-gardens; now it looked as if 
this moth was absent from South Iraq. A later visit was to confirm this 
view. It was surprising that in this marsh biotope the only abundant 
moth was a species not peculiar to marshland, but found in abundance, 
and flying in repeated broods, ,all over the Iraqian plain, in every 
biotope. | 


(To be concluded.) 


7A comparison of these times with that of the same species in England and a 
discussion thereof has already been published, viz., in“ The Phenological 
Classification of Palearctic Lepidoptera,’ Ent. Rec., 15.x.1941, and the two 
previous phenological articles mentioned therein. 


A New Foon Prant ror AcaLLA (PERONEA) HAsTIANA, L.—Normally this 
moth feeds on Saliz aurita in the Hebrides, although it is far from uncom- 
mon on S. atrocinerea and also S. repens. Two years ago we reported 
it from S. arbuscula on Rhum. Now we can report it from S. myrsinites 
on the mountain known either as Minshal cr the Black Hill, Rhum. 
This willow is now recorded for the first time from any Hebridean island. 
—J. W. Hestorp Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. ~ 


‘ 


THE WHITEHOUSE SALE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 17 


THE WHITEHGUSE SALE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 
(Continued from p. 3.) 


HETEROCERA. 

This portion of the Collection was also very rich in outstanding forms 
and examples of rare and immigrant species, and the following Lots are 
selected for reference : — iD 

Lots comprising the various species and forms of Sphingidae with 
hybrids and aberrations fetched from 10/- to £2 each. Lot 156, a fine 
example of nerii, realized £4 15/-, and two examples of gallu, £2 2/-_ 
and £3 7/6 each. A euphorbiae, £4 10/-. Leucodonta. bicoloria, Lot 170, 
the original 9 from Burnt Wood, £4, and the original ¢ from the same 
locality, £4 10/-. Lot 172, a bred 9 from Burnt Wood, £4. Lot 170, 
Notodonta tritophus 3, £6 15/-. Lot 176, Laelia coenosa, pairs, 13/- 
to 19/-. Hpicnaptera ilicifolia, 11/- to 32/- each. Lot 194, Endromis 
versicolora, a series of 6 forms, including lapponica with an original 
drawing by F. W. Frohawk. Bidding did not reach the reserve price 
of £15. S. pavonia, Lot 196, a gynandromorphous form not completely 
halved as regards sex, £6 16/-. Lot 197, Drepana sicula (harpagula), 
paws, 20/- to 34/- each. Arctia cara, a pair of ab. petri- 
burgensis (red form), £2 17/6. Lot 202, a pair. of the yellow 
form of this race, £5 10/-. Lot 203, a melanic ¢ with brown fore- 
wings and sooty-black hindwings, £14. Lot 204, a 2, forewings nearly 
all brown and hindwings blotched with black on orange, £5. Lot 205, 
a form with forewings almost pure white with’ pale orange hindwings, 
£18. Lot 206, a 2 with excess of white on forewings and enlarged 
markings on hindwings, £5 5/-. Lot 207, a similar specimen, £2 12/6. 
Lot 208, a similar ¢, £4 5/-. Lot 209, a © with curiously coloured 
hindwings all suffused with black, £4 5/-. Lot 210, Arctia hebe, Port- 
slade Quay, 21/-. Callimorpha hera (quadipunctaria), Lot 211, an aber- 
ration of the yellow form with dark forewings, £6 15/-. Arctia villica, 
Lot 262, a 2 with excess of white on forewings, £2 2/-. Panazia domi- 
nula, ab. bimacula, a pair, 26/-. A 2 with deep orange spots on fore- 
wings and a 6 with pink hindwings, £2 15/-. C. jacobaeae, a rare 
melanic ¢, £7. A yellow form, ab. flava, £8 10/-. D. pulchella, fine 
specimens, 10/- to 35/- each. Lot 204, N. subrosea, three specimens, 
£5 od/-, £4 10/-, £3. D.* compta, Folkstone, 30/-. C. exulis, 
two ds, £2; two similar, 30/-. C. assimilis, a pair, £2 6/-, and another 
pair £5 5/-. Lot 233, M. peregrina, £2 2/-. Lot 237, Sidermia zolli- 
kofert, Lydd, £20; a similar specimen, ab. internigrata, £13. Lot 232, 
V. oleagina (no date), 5/-. Lots 235-6, two Oria musculosa, each 6/-. 
Lots 240-242, each example, 19/-, 24/-, 26/-. Lot 239, LD. wnipuncta, 
Devon, £5 15/-. Zinckenii (lambda), Darenth Wood, £7 10/ -; another 
specimen, 65/-. Lots 246-249, Conformis (furcifera), in pairs, £2 15/-, 
£3, 35/-. Lots 250-254, fraxini, in bred pairs, £2 12/-, £2 17/6, £3 3/-, 
£2 15/-, £3. 

BOOKS. 

Buckler’s Larvae, 9 vols., £9. Barrett’s Lepidoptera of the British 
Isles, large edition, with plates, £13. Stainton’s Tineina, 13 vols., £4 
10/-. Wilson’s Larvae British Lepidoptera, £2 5/-. Bright and Leeds 
Monograph on FL. coridon, £2. Frohawk’s British Butterflies, large 
‘edition, £4 15/-. Humphrys and Westwood, £2 12/6. African Mimetic 


18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1944 


Butterflies, Eltringham, £2 6/-. Lang’s Butterflies of Europe, 2 vols., 
£2. Rhopalocera Malayana, Distant, £2 5/-. 


CABINET. 
A 40-drawer mahogany cabinet by Brady, £45; original cost, £20. 
The approximate sum realized by the sale amounted to £1350; a 
highly satisfactory result. The prices obtained generally for the insects, 
especially those much figured in entomological works and of some his- 
torical interest were much higher than when sold on previous occa- 
sions, although there were instances in which they were below them. It 
would seem that insects, together with practically everything else, have 
risen very considerably in value, due no doubt in some degree to the diffi- 
culties of purchasing ‘‘couponed’’ goods. Very much the>same thing 
happened after the Great War when cabinets and insects realized untold 
prices at auction. In due time, however, prices reverted to the normai 
and doubtless the same thing will occur on this occasion.—S. G. C. 
RvsseLL, Springetts, Highcliffe, Hants. 


ORTHOPTERA OBSERVED IN 1922. 
By J. A. WHELLAN. 


The following species were observed during the summer in Westmor- 
land and West Lancashire and from 6th to 16th August in North Wales. 
Over all this area it can be said that Omocestus viridulus, L., and Chor- 
thippus bicolor, Charp., are abundant species. Ch. parallelus, Zett., is 
also probably rather generally common, while Myrmeleotettix maculatus, 
Thunb., is probably more local. In general, however, the area seems to 
be poor in variety of species. In several cases, in the following list 
marked *, the species in question is not recorded in Dr M. Burr’s book, 
British Grasshoppers and their Allies, for the county here mentioned. 

Blatta orientalis, L.. Plentiful in greenhouses at Blackpool, Lancs., 
and often seen in streets there. 

Periplaneta australasiae, Fab. Five seen, all mature, in greenhouses 
at Stanley Park, Blackpool, Lancs., 27th July 1942. 

Omocestus viridulus, L. Abundant, Silverdale and Arnside district, 
Lancs. and Westmorland; usually bright green here. Plentiful about 
Chipping, Lancs. ; more olivaceous here. Warton Crag, Lancs., 29/8/42; 
the only orthopterous insect seen here. Near Beddgelert, Caernarvon- 
shire. Pont-y-Glyn Diffwys, *Denbighshire. 

Myrmeleotettic maculatus, Thunb. Arnside and Meathop, Westmor- 
land. Hillsides about Glyndyfrdwy, *Merionethshire and Denbighshire. 
One specimen brightly mottled red and green among heather. More 
usually of a brownish coloration. 

Chorthippus bicolor, Charp. Martin Mere, St Annes, Rufford, 
Shard Bridge, Lanes.; Meathop, *Westmorland; Pont-y-Glyn Diffwys, 
*Denbighshire ; Glyndyfrdwy, Denbighshire and *Merionethshire, Bedd- 
gelert, Caernarvonshire. 

Ch. parallelus, Zett. Beddgelert, etc., Caernarvonshire; Glyndy- 
frdwy, Merionethshire; Little Langdale, *Westmorland. ; 

Gryllulus domesticus, L. Abundant in hothouses at Stanley Park, 
Blackpool, and in bakehouses at Colne, Lancs. | 


A NOTE ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SOME MICROGASTERINE BRACONIDAE. 19 


A NOTE ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SOME MICROGASTERINE 
BRACONIDAE (HYM.). 


WITH REFERENCE TO THE WORKS OF HALIDAY AND NEES 
VON ESENBECK PUBLISHED IN 1884. 


By W. D. Hincxs, M.P-S., F.R.E.S. 


In the year 1834 two* important works on the Braconidae appeared. 
Haliday published two parts 6f his series of papers entitled ‘‘ Essay on 
the Classification of Parasitic Hymenoptera, etc.,’’ in the second volume 
of the Entomological Magazine. This volume bears the date 1835 on its 
title-page, but only the fifth and final part was published in January 
of that year, the other parts being dated from January 1834 (No. vi) to 
October 1834 (No. ix). In this year Nees von Esenbeck’s Hymenoptero- 
rum Ichneumonibus affinium monographiae, genera Huropaea et species 
ilustratae was published in Stuttgart and Tubingen, in two volumes. 
Many older authors regarded Haliday’s papers as published in 1835: and 
thus priority has usually been given to Nees, where both authors de- 
scribed the same species. I believe, however, that there are data which 
may cause this decision to be reversed. . 

On the fly-leaf of the copy of Nees belonging to the Royal Entomo- 
logical Society. of London there are the following pencil notes: 


‘* Tasted in works published ‘ depuis Ier Octobre 1834.’ 
See Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (Bull. ent.), 3: xciv. 
Received. Vol. 1. By Soc. ent. France, vol. 1, 1834, between 
6.v111.34 & 3.1x.34. See Ann. Soe. ent. 
Fr. (Bull. ent.), 3: xii. 
Vol. 2. Between 17.xii.84 & 7.1.18385. See Ann. Soc. 
ent. Fr. (Bull. ent.), 4: °11.”’ 


- 1am not in a position to check the above references at the moment 
but the evidence which they give seems to indicate that volume 1 of 
Nees’ Monograph was published sometime after Ist August 1834 and his 
second volume towards the end of the year, perhaps in December. 
Haliday’s work in the 1834 parts of the Kntomological Magazine 
consists of a paper in the January number;(No. vi: 93-106) devoted to 
the group we now call the Aphididae and a second in the July issue 
(No. vill: 225-259) on the Microgasterinae. The first of these almost 
certainly predates Nees’ publication and Haliday’s names should have 
priority. This does not at present render necessary any alterations 
since the identity of many of Nees’ Aphidiids are very doubtful and the 
names of Haliday have therefore long been in use. The second paper, 
published in July, probably predates the first volume of the Monograph 


*Actually a third work published this year complicates the synonymy of a few 
species of the Microgasterinae. This is Bouché’s Naturgeschichte der Insecten 
besonders in Hinsicht ihrer ersten Zustdnde als Larven und Puppen, Berlin, 
1834, pp. 5+216, 10 pls. I have not seen this work, of which the above is said to 
be only the first part. Since the species of Microgasterinae and others, de- 
scribed are, however, quoted by Nees in his second volume, it is probable that 

» the Naturgeschichte pre-dates both volumes of Nees’ Monograph. I have no 
data for forming an opinion of its chronological relation to Haliday’s Essay. 

_ Where Bouché’s species have been thought to be identified with certainty they 
appear to have been given priority by Marshall, Dalla Torre, and other 
authors, : 


2D 9 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1944 


of Nees and is almost certainly. prior to the second volume. However, 
it will perhaps be better to await further evidence before making any 
alterations for three reasons: (1) because several are well known, widely 
used names of economically important species, (2) because the late D. S. 
Wilkinson’s excellent work on Apanteles, etc., has shown that Marshall’s 
synonymy is not always to be relied upon and it is therefore necessary 
to re-examine the species in question before adopting any changes, and 
(3) because work is now progressing to complete the monograph started 
by Wilkinson wherein presumably these questions of nomenclature will 
be fully dealt with. 

It may be useful, however, to list the instances where changes may 
be necessary. It should be noted that only in the case of the well-known 
Apanteles congestus, Nees, did the Neesian name first appear in the 
second and later volume of the Monograph. On the evidence given this 
name would certainly require to be replaced by A. intricatus, Haliday. 
All the species described by both authors were placed under the generic 
name Microgaster. In the list which follows the current names are 
placed on the right: | 


Apanteles intricatus, Hal., and congestus, Nees. 

Apanteles praetextatus, Hal., and analis, Nees. 

Apanteles equestris, Hal., and falcatus, Nees. 

Apanteles annularis, Hal., hilaris, Hal., and emarginatus, Nees. 
Apanteles arenarius, Hal., and obscwrus, Nees. 
Apanteles lacteipennis, Hal., and albipennis, Nees nec Hal. 
Apanteles candidatus, Hal., and impurus, Nees. \ 
Apanteles albipennis, Hal., and halidai, Marshall. 
Apanteles: umbellatarum, Hal., and circumscriptus, Nees. 
Microplitis (new name required) and spinolae, Nees nec Hal. 
Microgaster consularis, Hal., and connexus, Nees. 
Microgaster infumatus, Hal., and rugulosus, Nees. 
Microgaster annulipes, Hal., and suwbcompletus, Nees. 
Microgaster spinolae, Hal., and crassicornis, Ruthe. 


It should be noted that Wilkinson (1941, Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 
(B), 10: 71) has already published a paper on Apanteles albipennis, Hal., 
but was unaware of the data here recorded and he therefore used the 
name A. halidau, Marshall, 1885. 


* 


*Apanteles annularis, Hal., is listed by Dalla Due (1898, Cat. Hym.. iv) as dis- 
tinct from emarginatus, Nees. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


MontTGOMERYSHIRE Notes.—The winter of 1942-3 was an unusually 
mild one—the newspapers asserted that it was the mildest for thirty 


years—and the prophecy recorded in my diary on Ist April, that ‘‘the com- 


ing months will probably be the worst, entomologically, for thirty years’’ 
unhappily proved to be true. It was a most disheartening season, in 
mid-Wales, and many species which are usually plentiful were almost 
entirely absent. An exception was the Grayling butterfly, which oc- 
curred in such abundance as I have never before known in my many 
years’ experience of this county. . 


a ee 


COLLECTING NOTES. OT: 


On 2ist January I found the first moth of the year, Hrannis leuco- 
phaearia, at rest on an oak. Nothing else occurred until 11th February, 
when P. pedaria put in an appearance. The 18th was a wonderful 
springlike day, the sun shining in a cloudless sky from sunrise to sunset, 
with a gentle N.W. breeze. Up in the hills I found a young larva of 
Arctia caja hurrying across a road, and next day A. aescularia was seen. 

On Ist March I dug at old oaks and found cocoons of B. prasinana, 
two D. trimacula and, in a chink of bark, a quite fresh Q (. vaccinii, 
On the 5th V. wrticae was on the wing. 10th March disclosed D. fagella 
on the trunks of beech and oak, and [I found another D. trimacwa. 
The first Brephos parthenias flew about birches on the 17th, Orthosia 
(Taeniocampa) incerta being seen the previous day. I was in London 
during the remainder of the month, and when [ returned found that my 
wife had taken B. strataria, O. munda, O. incerta, S. libatrix, and FE. 
transversa. 

3rd April was fine and sunny, with many J’. io, a few V. urticae, P. 
c-album, and a male EF. cardamines on the wing, as also B. parthenias ; 

“but this moth’s scanty appearances were in striking contrast with its 
profusion last year. I searched industriously for imagines of A. flavi- 
cornis without success; but that it was present was shown by the dis- 
covery, later in the year, of a few larvae. P. ridens occurred on the 
12th; but at sugar that evening not a moth appeared. Next day G. 
bidentata was seen. From the 14th to the 26th E. crepuscularia was 
not uncommon on larch and oak trunks. In the house Orneodes hexra- 
dactyla began to appear on window panes, and Pyrausta purpuralis at 
Nepeta hederacea on the 26th. Two days later I saw, and identified, 
the first A. ewphrosyne, on which day also {| boxed a Hupithecia satyrata. 
In my cages out of doors a B. betularia emerged—an unusually early 
date. On the same day, a little before 2 p.m. G.M.T. an Iron Prominent 
hatched. G. bidentata was seen occasionally until 15th May. 


May included almost every conceivable type of weather, from wind- 
less days to tempests, from murk to daylong sunshine, the barometer 
oscillating between 27.9 and 30.1. On the 4th I saw two Burnets on 
the wing, perhaps Z. filipendulae, and by now A. euphrosyne was well 
out. L. chlorosata (petraria) and P. macularia flew in the sunshine, 
and on the 5th I noted the first Heodes phlaeas. Thecla rubi was rather 
worn by this date, when J came across a small colony high up in the 
hills. This little butterfly occurs in the foothills of Plinlimmon at a 
height of about 2000 feet. Later in the afternoon of the 5th I saw LZ. 
argiolus (a rare butterfly here) flying about a larch plantation, and 
caught it to.identify. EH. tages and KH. alternata (sociata) were first 
noticed on this date. On the 15th C. mendica occurred and on the 16th 
D. binaria (the first' I ever saw in Wales) X. montanata, C. glaucata, 
and B. prasinana. A nicely marked 92 P: macularia obligingly laid 17 
-ova—oval-ellipsoid, very pale, yet bright, green. The larvae were all 
easily reared on Teucrium scorodonia. On 19th May I watched a H. tityus 
feeding at Scilla nonscripta at my feet and the following day saw several 
at Marsh Lousewort in a Scabious-covered bog. The same day brought 
D. lacertinaria, Eupithecia venosata, O. luteolata (R. crataegata), and 
D. trimacula. On the 20th Bupalus piniaria, T. obeliscata and I. lac- 
taearia were netted, and in the afternoon T found three young larvae 
of A. flavicornis, 


i) 
ho 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1944 


22nd May brought another D. trimacula, several E. venosata, E. 
hastata, D. pudibunda, and the first Hesperia sylvanus, as we used to 
call the Large Skipper in the days of my youth. Thanks to gymnastics 
which J had believed to be impossible for a man of my age, I caught 
two or three more HE. hastata during the ensuing days, but unhappily 
was unable to obtain eggs. The only other species recorded during the 
remainder of the month were C. punctaria, S. floslactata (remutaria), 
P. fuliginosa (a nasty, bad-tempered female who, although freshly 
emerged, refused to attract a mate and died a virgin after laying 21 
infertile eggs), H. tristata (not uncommon this year but so local as to be 
confined to particular small clumps of birches in widely separated locali- 
ties), Eupithecia lariciata, E. pulchellata, H. lupulina, and S. malvae. 
The (. mendica found on the 15th laid small batches of ova on six suc- 
cessive nights, viz., 3, 12, 5, 8, 11, and 13. All proved infertile. I had 
more Taree, eggs this year Shan in any year I can recollect. 


June was remarkable chiefly for rain and storm, rain predominating. 
On the 6th I found more larvae of A. flavicornis, some ova of N. drome- 
darius on birch, and boxed a fresh M. albicillata. E. glyphica was first 
seen on 9th June, and in the evening a male and a female Bufftip were 
netted at rhododendrons (they were courting of course). Next day 
IT boxed EF. silaceata and C. pusaria. On the 12th I found a female 
A, leporina at rest on a white birch trunk, a remarkable example of pro- 
crypsis. This day I noticed the first, Meadow Brown, and the following 
day a. V. cardwi crawled on to my hand from some dead bracken. 17th 
June brought O. atrata, flying, as usual, about a patch of Conopodium, 
and, to my discomfort, a great many Hippobosca equina. I also saw, 
on this day, a newly-emerged A. aglaia, its wings still limp, and on an 
oak A. psi, as common here as it is elsewhere. C. punctaria was boxed 
on the 21st, and on the 24th I saw the first A. hyperantus. Next day 


T collected larvae of B. parthenias and A. flavicornis, and on the 29th I . 


saw, and identified, A. adippe, on which day also Z. lonicerae was on 
the wing.—(To be continwed).—P. B. M. ALLAN. 


Mice Eatine INsEcts, etc.—In connection with Mr S. G~ Castle 
Russell’s note (ante p. 122, 1943) on mice eating butterflies, and his in- 
quiry as to whether other entomologists have noticed attacks by mice, 
J have had an experience of the kind lately. A mouse had recently 
got into the house and we noticed it in the downstairs rooms for several 
davs. A House Cricket (Gryllus domesticus, Curt.) lived in the dining- 
room. One could hear it ‘‘ chirping ’’ somewhere in the daytime and 
at night it would sometimes run about near the fire. There was also a 
large house-spider which we had seen in the evenings, for some months 
past, running across the room. The mouse disappeared in a few days; 
but we never saw either the cricket or the house-spider again! Mr 
Russell’s and this note refer to living creatures being eaten; but mice 


also eat dead insects. My first collection of beetles was destroyed by 


mice. I was about nine years of age at the time, and I kept my beetles 
in a fig-box covered with a sheet of glass. The box J kept in the tower 
attached to my father’s country house, the mansion at Earl Shilton 
in Leicestershire. To my great distress, mice managed to get the glass 
lid off and devoured all my beetles. Saas DontstHoRPE, Entomo- 
logical Department, British Museum (Nat, Hist.). 


7 


COLLECTING NOTES. I 


An Enromotocican Mystrery.—One of the most intriguing and in- 
teresting of my collecting experiences occurred on 20th May 1922, and 
T have never been able to find a satisfactory solution of the incident. 
In the morning I was collecting with my wife in an enclosure in the 
northern part of the New Forest, and my wife, who was in one of the 
rides, called out to me that there was a small white admiral settled on 
a shrub which she could not get at, owing to the bramble bushes. Think- 
ing that it could only be a small specimen of Limenitis camilla out long 
before its proper time I did not hurry to join her, and when [ arrived 
at the spot the insect had moved elsewhere and out of her sight. I re- 
mained in the ride, however, on the chance of it returning, and my 
wife took up a position in another ride a short distance away and which 
crossed the ride I was in at right angles. After a short wait she called 
out that the butterfly had passed her and appeared to be making for 
the ride where I was waiting. Sure~enough, the insect passed me, 
turned, and repassed me, on both occasions flying so low and rapidly 
that I did not attempt to net it, hoping that it would stop and settle 
to feed and ensure an easy capture. Unfortunately, the butterfly did 
not settle and shortly after flew into the interior of the wood, from 
which it did not again emerge, as the sky clouded over and the sun 
did not reappear for the rest of the day. On the two occasions that the 
insect passed me I had a clear and good view of it and in appearance it 
was similar to Araschma levana var. prorsa, the beautiful net-like pat- 
tern of the black forewings being prominent. On arrival home I asked 
my wife to look at the figures in my copy of Hiibner and she without 
hesitation picked out the figure of var. prorsa, thus confirming my own 
impression of the insect. She had a good view of the butterfly when 
she first saw it at rest with its wings outspread settled on the shrub. 
Now comes the mystery: if our identification of the butterfly was cor- 
rect, what was it doing in the New Forest and why was it of the var. 
prorsa form, which I understand occurs in the autumn on the Continent ? 
It was most unlikely that it could have been a released bred specimen, 
as at that time the particular enclosure was a very inaccessible one and 
many miles from any railway station and could only be reached by motor 
ear. For a long period both before and after the incident I never met 
another collector in the locality, nor did I know of any such residing 
in the district. The only solution that I could think of was that the 
butterfly was an aberration of Argynnis euphrosyne or Argynnis selene. 
An occasional specimen of the latter species was seen in the ride during 
the season, but only single specimens, and there were no open spaces 
within some 200 yards in which either species occurred in any numbers. 
If the insect was an extreme aberration of selene it was extraordinary 
that the form should so closely resemble var. prorsa (levana). Unfortu- 
nately, I was unable to visit the enclosure again during the following 
week, and I fear the incident must always remain a mystery to me, as 
apart from the possibility of the butterfly being an aberration of A. 
selene or A. euphrosyne I cannot see any other solution.—S. G. Caste 
Russet. [Perhaps it was prorsa. In 1913 and 1914 several examples of 
Araschma levana were taken at Symond’s Yat where there was a flourish- 
ing introduced colony, which was later destroyed by A. B, Farn. Pos- 
sibly others were liberated in the New Forest,—T.B.F. ] 


24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1944 


NoToDONTA DROMEDARIUS, L., oN Hazet.—On page 96 of vol. lv of 
this Journal (October 1943) I wrote: ‘‘ I have never found . . . drome- 
darius on hazel.’’ After those words had been printed, namely, on 31st 
August 19438, I found, here in Montgomeryshire, at an altitude of about 
750 feet, a larva of this species, in its last instar, on-hazel. On a birch 
adjoining the hazel bush there was a smaller dromedarius larva.—-P. B. 
M. Arian, Newtown, Montgomeryshire. . 


HemMeaRiIs Luctna, L., In THE New Forest.—In his interesting ac- 
count of butterflies seen in the New Forest in 1943 (vol. lv, p. 103) - 
. Colonel V. R. Burkhardt makes no mention of the ‘‘Duke of Burgundy’’ 
fritillary. In the ‘nineties of last century I used to find this little 
butterfly in several spots within a six-mile radius of Lyndhurst. Has 
it now disappeared? And is Apatura iris no longer to be found within 
the metes of the Forest >—P. B. M. Aan. 


BurrERFLIES PROTECTED ON BotH SIDES WHEN IN FricHt.—The note 
given on this subject (ante Vel. liv, }». 4) is confirmed by an observaticn 
made by the late Roland Trimen (S. Afric. Buttf., Vol. i111). . Iolaus 
silas, Westwood (and other allied species) has a brilliant blue upperside 
and a white underside. Trimen says that the shining white of the 
underside, which looks so extremely conspicuous when closely examined, 
is really protective to the insect when sitting amongst glossy leaves in 
full sunshine. In flight it is almost invisible from underneath. 

Another well-known species, Myrina ficedula, Trim., has a very bril- 
hiant blue upperside and ferruginous brown underside. In flight a flash 
of blue is seen for a moment, then it disappears, as if by magic, at the 
closing of the wings. The direction of its flight is thus made very diffi- 
cult to follow, though this particular species seldom flies any great dis- 
tance from its food plant. At rest the underside is so highly protec- 
tive as to make it indistinguishable from the small brown fig leaves 
amongst which it sits, keeping its long tail in constant motion. The 
protective colouring thus assists the insect to avoid its enemies, both 
in flight and at rest. There is no doubt that similar protection aids 
the whole family of Lycaenids in varying degree.—(REv.) DEsMoND 
Murray, Leicester. 


GALL-MIDGES ON THE ASPEN IN THE HesripEs.—In the Scottish Wes- 
tern Isles the aspen is a very abundant tree, growing on mountain cliffs 
and in stream gorges everywhere. However, with the exception of the 
moth Cymatophora or, its insect tenants are very local in their distribu- 
tion. In fact, until 1942, despite careful searches, only one species of 
Cecidomyid attached to the tree had been found in any of the Hebrides. 
That species was the species Harmandia tremulae, Winn., found galling 
the leaves wf aspens growing on clifis overhanging Loch Bhraig on the 
Isle of South Rona. In 1942 Perrisia populeti, Riibs., turned up on 
South Uist. Finally, last season, a beautiful thicket of aspens in a 
gorge on Mullach Mor, Isle of Rhum, produced numbers of the spherical 
galls of Harmandia petioli, Kieff., on the petioles of the leaves. Even 
in this case the distribution of the species on the island was anomalous. 
Although the tree occurs in suitable spots over very wide areas, the 
insect was restricted te this single station on the Torridonian Sand- 
stone in the north of the island.—(Pror.) J. W. Hestop Harrison, 
King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


CURRENT NOTES. 25 


OPORINIA FILIGRAMMARIA, ETC., IN THE [SLE oF RHUM.—During August 
1943 Oporinia filigrammaria was observed on Rhum for the first time 
on the moorlands below Hallival, although in no great numbers. Its 

congener, Oporinia autumnatu, occurs likewise on the island, for larvae 
were beaten from birch on both sides of the Kinloch Burn near its mouth 
in 1942. Last year, the icy blast accompanying the sleet which struck 
Rhum in May not only stripped the leaves from the birches but, in 
addition, so reduced the quantities of larvae present that none fell into 
the beating tray; nor did those of Operophtera boreata. On the other 
hand, O. brumuta were knocked from hme in small numbers.—J. W. 
Hestor Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


EULYPE SUBHASTATA, NOLCKEN, IN THE HeEBRIDES.—Now that the 
** Argent-and-Sable ’’ attached to the Sweet Gale (Myrica gale) has been 
recognized as a distinct species, it is necessary to record it from the 
Isles of South Rona, Fladday, Raasay, Longay, Scalpay, Pabbay, Soay 
and Skye in the inner Isles. As the food plant has a very erratic dis- 
tribution in the Hebrides, that of the insect must be peculiar likewise. 
Thus all Lewis (Outer Hebrides) records must be from stations north of 
Loch Soval, whilst there can be none from Harris, where the plant 
fails; nor are any likely from North Uist, where Sweet Gale possesses 
one habitat, and is not plentiful there. In South Uist the shrub is 
locally not uncommon; still a careful search in 1943 revealed no traces 
of the larvae. We have recorded ‘‘ Hulype hastata’’ from Rhum in the 
Inner Isles, but that was a lapsus for Skye. To be precise, not until 
jast season was Sweet Gale seen on Rhum, and then only as two patches 
covering in all an area of two square yards. Both the plant and Hulype 
subhastuta occur on the neighbouring Isle of Eigg.—(Pror.) J. W. 
Hestorp Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. [In Arctic 
Russia larvae of this species feed on Vacinnium myrtillus and V. uligino- 
sum. Sweet gale does not grow there.—E.A.C. ] 


An APPARENTLY NEw Foop PLAN? FoR VANESSA CaRDUI.—During the 
past year a strong migratory wave of the Painted Lady entered the 
Western Isles, of which part reached Rhum. That contingent striking 
the island near Harris ovipesited near the coast on the Creeping Thistle 
(Cirsium arvense), whilst that passing up the neighbouring glen utilized 
the Carline Thistle (Carlina vulgaris) for the same purpose. This is the 
first time I have seen it so employed.—J. W. Hestor Harrison, King’s 
College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


CURRENT NOTES. 


In Vol. xlvii (1935); in Vol. xlviii (1936); and in Vol. lii (1940) of the 
Ent. Record we published Notes on the ‘‘ Early Stages of Oriental 
Palaearctic Lepidoptera,’’ from E. P. Wiltshire, our Correspondent in 
the East. A further addition to the above was given in the Mitt. 
Miinch. Ent. Ges., xxix, 1939. <A plate illustrating these larvae was 
contributed to each section. There now lies on our table a further con- 
tribution with plate published in the Journ. of the Bombay Nat. Hist. 

eSocy. Each larva is represented in a characteristic position on its food- 
plant. A description of each larva is given, with its foodplant, its 


26 , ENTOMOLOGIST § RECORD. 15/11/1944 


range so far as known, and the period of flight of the imagines.’ We 
must congratulate Mr Wiltshire on doing exactly the work which will 
be of most use for future study, and in taking such advantage of resi- 
dence in districts more or less unknown entomologically. There are 14 
pp. large 8vo of matter, with illustrations contained on 2 plates of 47 
figures illustrating the 38 forms described. 


A DOUBLE part of Kos, the Revista Espaniola de Entomologia, Vol. xix, 
pts. 2-3, has just reached us. The articles include descriptions of new 
species of Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, Orthopterous Studies, a new 
Dipterous Gall-fly, the Phasmidae of Borneo, and the Aleyrodidae otf 
Spain, with a plate and many text figures. Another series of notes on 
the Natural History Bibliography of Spain is a supplement. Accom- 
panying the part were further sections of the ‘‘ Hymenopterous Tribes 
of Spain,” pp. 241-288, with an admirably clear and well drawn figure 
of each Tribe discussed in these sections, some 29 in number. When 
concluded, this work should be a most useful book of reference to all 
students of the Order Hymenoptera. The work has reached the XXI, 
Fam. Scoliudae. These figures are all sufficiently enlarged to give really ~ 
accurate external structures, wing-venation, antennal structure, hairs 
and distribution of them over the body and limbs. The arrangement of 
the matter as regards space is somewhat unusual. There is ample room 
to enter MS. notes to each Tribe dealt with. 


Our contributor, Prof. Bryan P. Beirne, M.A., F.R.E.S., etc., has 
published two very valuable memoirs in the December number of the 
Economic Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (Vol. iii, pts. 15, 16) 
on the Biology and Control of several common, small moths, -which at 
times are very noisome pests in our gardens. (1) The Small Ermine 
Moths, Hyponomeuta spp., which attack fruit trees, especially the apple, 
and are harboured by the common hawthorn. (2) The Raspberry Moth, 
Ineurvaria rubiella. The first memoir is well illustrated by a consider- 
able number of figures, and discusses H. padella with its races malin- 
ella and variabilis, which were formerly held to be separate species. 
The typical form feeds on the Hawthorn and often a portion of a hedge 
is completely stripped of its foliage. The author divides his account 
into various sections :—Distribution of the species around Dublin; Eggs 
and Young Larvae; older Larvae; Pupae, and Adults are fully dis- 
cussed. Then he describes the Natural Controls such as Birds, Gregarina 
spp., various groups of Hymenoptera, Diptera, etc. Finally, there is a 


short section on the most effective Artificial Controls. Both H. cogna-_ - 


tella and H. evonymella are similarly but more shortly dealt with. 
The second memoir is then dealt with. Both memoirs are most interest- 
ing and thorough, and based on the facts obtained by Prof. Beirne in 
the area around Dublin. 


A -* Drrecrory or tHE Natura History Socievims ’’ of the British 
Tsles is now in course of preparation fcr publication by the Amateur 
Entomologists’ Society in the near future. Its aim is to make known 
the existence and work of Societies interested in any branch of natural 
history (except economic, agricultural and medical prol:lems), from gene- 
ral science to botany or zoology, conchology or mycology, microscopy or 
nature photography, systematics or ecology, phenology or marine biology. 
One aim of the publication will be to show to members of school socie- 


CURRENT NOTES. 27 
ties that their small gathering is not a mere scholastic activity, with 
which, they need not lose touch on leaving school, but part of a larger 
movement. Another use of the Directory will be for those visiting a 
new district to meet local entomologists, ecologists, or whatever their 
speciality, with the minimum of delay. The compilers wish to include 
as large a number of such organisations as can be brought to their notice, 
from national Associations and regional Unions down to county, town, 
university or school Societies. Jt is proposed to send a printed memor- 
andum to all Societies, asking for details of their address, foundation 
date, subscription, number of members, publications, meetings held, 
possession of library and reference collections, etc., for completion and 
return. Names and addresses of as many organisations as possible, par- 
ticularly of school and college organisations and the smaller clubs and 
societies not affiliated to any, Naturalists’ Union, are urgently needed, 
and the compilers will be very grateful indeed for any help that readers 
can give. Replies should be addressed to Mr W. G. Rawurnes, F.R.E.S., 
14 Westfield Park, Bath, Somerset. 


For some years Mr D. G. Sevastopulo, F.R.E.S., of Calcutta, has 
collected and bred all Lepidopterous larvae which ha has met with. We 
have just received eleven separates giving the life-history, descriptions 
of all stages of the larvae if possible, recording all dates, and with food 
plants. Where necessary the different instar forms, as in Sphingids, 
are given; in Chloridea obsoleta (armigera) he describes five forms. 
These notes have been periodically published in the Jour. Bombay 
N.H.S. and form a fine addition to our knowledge of the Indian Fauna. 
Incidentally, we note that when referring to the typical form ag a subsp. 
he writes, what some of us think the correct way, e.g., Pareha 
vesta, F., westa, and not Pareba vesta vesta, F., which obviously 

is wrong. Such persistent observation and recording when opportunities 
occur is a most commendable addition to the spread of human know- 
ledge. Not only has the author produced, the above. but he has gone 
through some of the literature he has at hand, and has collected infor- 
mation on the food plants upon which Indian Bombyces, Agaristids, 
and many Noctuids feed, and of this research the Jour. Bombay 
N.H.S. has already published two separates. 


On 12th November, under the auspices of the Royal Entomological 
Society, with Dr E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P., Presi- 
dent, in the chair, a joint meeting was held with representatives of the 
British Ecological Society. It was taken for granted that all who took 
part should have knowledge of the Objects of the visiting Society, whose 
efforts are the consideration of the Environment of Soil, Water, Light, 
Heat and Climate upon Vegetation, the Biological Factors in the Life 
of the Plant, and the Associations of Plants in the British Flora, 
aquatic, moorland, grassland, woodland, bogland, etc., with uo direct 
connection with Economic Agriculture, or with Economic Pestology. 

The Introduction was by Prof. C. J. Salisbury, F.R.S., who dealt 
with his subject from the purely botanical side as influenced by the varied 
attention of the insect population in different areas. He concluded by 
stating that the knowledge of such associations would no doubt be of 
use in agriculture. 


4 


28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1944 


Dr Cockayne gave instances of Macrolepidoptera, the larvae of which 
are attached to one species of a genus of plants, to one or two species of — 
allied genera, or to a whole genus. He also gave a few instances of 
larvae, which have only two food plants unrelated botanically, and sug- 
gested that these must contain some chemical substance in common. 

Capt. C. Diver gave a long and interesting series of instances in 
which insects were controlled by the general conditions under which the 
plant communities existed, flourishing or otherwise. 

Dr C. F. C. Beeson, another member of the Ecological Society, tock 
up the particular case of the influence and control by insects in the 
composition and destruction ot Forests. 

It would thus appear that these two Associations were working on 
parallel lines, the one engaged with the Biclogy of Insects and the other 
with the Biology of Plants and with a very great deal im common. 


OBITUARY. 


Louis Beethoven Prout died on 3lst December 1943 at the age of 79. 
He was the son of Ebenezer Prout, the famous musician, and was him- 
self a talented pianist. In his earlier years he bred and collected Lepi- 
doptera, but he had to give this up as Systematic Entomology made in- 
creasing demands on his time. 

Prout was the world’s greatest authority on the Geometridae. 'He 
wrote the sections on this group for Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum and 
for Seitz’s Macrolepidoptera of the World, and at the time of his death 
was engaged in completing the supplement to the latter. He also wrote 
many of the parts on the Geometridae for the Catalogus Lepidopterorum. 
He contributed many short papers, chiefly on taxonomy, to various 
periodicals, and some of greater length to the Bulletin of the Hilt — 
Museum. 

He was an indefatigable worker and much of his reputation was due 
to his great knowledge of entomological literature and to the extreme 
care he took in verifying references and making detailed notes of original 
descriptions. Though old in years he remained young in mind, and was 
always ready to readjust his views in the tight on new discoveries. He 
believed in basing classification on as many characters as possible, at- 
taching considerable weight to the biology and early stages. He had 
always been interested in parallel variation and wrote an interesting 
paper on the subject in 1904, and after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work 
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ability of giving the same name to parallel genetic forms whenever 
possible. Some years ago he gave his Collection to the British Museum. 

He was an active supporter of the City of London Entomological and 
Natural History Society, attending its meetings regularly and reading 
papers before it, and he acted as its President from 1899 to 1904. He 
was an Honorary Vice-President of the London Natural History Society 
and a Special Life Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society of London. 

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unsparing in his efforts to help his fellow entomologists. He will be 
mourned in every country, for by his passing the world has lost one of — 
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EDITED with the assistance of 


%. MALCOLM BuRR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
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e By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.ES., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 
ie | CONTENTS. 
TWO VISITS TO THE HAMMAR LAKE, E£. P. Wiltshire, F.R.E.S. ... ae oO 
THE WHITEHOUSE COLLECTION Pee ca OER aS oy es NE Tie 
BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA, DURING 
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TWO VISITS TO THH HAMMAR LAKE, . 29 


TWO VISITS TO THE HAMMAR LAKE. <q et Ce 

(24th May and 14th November 1943.) Ga Toole 

13. $2 0 WITH A DISCUSSION O# S. IRAQIAN MARSH FAUNA. ~ APR 26 
) By kh. P. WitrsHre, F.R.E.S. LIBRE 


ee spters apply the name Hammar Lake to the whole; local usage 
to the con the author here follows the focinae.) 


Concluded. from page 16.) 


On 14th November a North wind was again blowing, and the day was 
bright and sunny, like a perfect English summer day, but crisper. To-day 
our chief aim was wild duck. The water was now only an inch or two - 
above its lowest limit, and vast tracts, previously covered with water, 
were now high and dry, enabling us to cut short our journey by driving 
along a more direct route across the exposed alluvial plain. It was 
without a vestige of vegetation for most of the way, a scorched mud 
desert with a little wind-blown dust on top. In one place, however, 
where a few dried reeds and rushes stood forlornly up from the parched 
soil, the smooth surface had been spoiled. My host assured me that 
these places, in the form of rather rough depressions about two or three 
inches deep, had been caused by fish feeding in shoals a few months 
earlier. We christened them fish-warrens, and cursed them, for they 
slowed us down; elsewhere, a high speed over the flats was possible. 

A huge black column of smoke towered on the north-western hori- 
zon; it was a reed-fire on the north shores of the Hammar Lake. The 
Arabs burn off the dry reeds to improve grazing for their animals next 
spring (similarly the Kurds burn off the sere grass on their rolling 
hills in October). 

Arriving at the village, we found its aspect quite changed. The 
reed-huts now stood, nearer to the bulrushes, in the midst of verdant 
crops of maize, melons, and pumpkins. It at once occurred to me that 
the specimen of S. zeae, taken in May, might have bred in last year’s 
maize and somehow escaped alive from the waters into the bulrushes; 
certainly the tall fields of maize now ran right up to the landward edge 
of the green, taller bulrushes. 

Three muzzled donkeys were treading out maize heads on a small 
circular threshing-floor, circling around a central rusty petrol-tin. The 
village’s water-melons were large and sweet. 

After lunch we pushed off in three boats through the same channel, 
beginning from the lone tamarisk. I still saw no other species of plant 
in the bulrush-bed but Typha. The bulrushes ended where the water 
was now only three or four inches deep. At their outer verge another 
species of rush grew which I tentatively identified as a Scirpus; it re- 
sembled the smaller of the two foodplants of A. algae (canmae) in the 
Norfolk Broads, the second of its foodplants there being Typha, of course. 
A Norfolk lepidopterist would have betted on finding the moth there, 
unless he knew Iraq! 

For a long way out the water was very shallow, hardly deeper than 
six inches; the bottom was overgrown with a kind of water-weed. On 
these shallows the duck, halting on their southward migration, were 
feeding in thousands. We could hear the honk of geese, too. Solitary, 
tame storks walked gravely through the shallows, at a greater depth 


30 ENEOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / TIT / 1944 


and nearer the boats than the duck dared. Our boatmen speared two 
mud-fish hereabouts, which proved excellent eating, being almost bone- 
less, though of an unprepossessing appearance. The duck were of many 
kinds: mallard, gadwall, teal, widgeon, pochard, pintail, etc. All 
were migrants. According to our host, only the marbled duck (Anas 
angustirostris) breeds through the summer on these waters. 

We sat in bulrush-hides. The marsh-Arab attending each of us 
pounced on our first birds; if only winged, he wrung the neck; then 
he inserted in its beak a short length of bulrush stuck in the mud in a 
patch of open water near the hide, leaving the duck a life-like decoy 
floating on the surface. Subsequent hits were similarly utilised. 

Our host, evidently a good shot, brought back eighty duck and two 
geese, not to mention a spoonbill (his villagers eat this bird) at the 
expense of 120 cartridges. Our own percentage of hits to cartridges 
was, alas, not so good, but we had had far less practice than he. On 
his two previous visits our host had secured respectively eighty and a 
hundred duck. It was evidently a fowler’s paradise! 

But I will say no more of birds, nor mention the other kinds seen, 
for I am no ornithologist and this is, indeed, not the right place for 
ornithological details. Suffice it to say, we were more than satisfied 
with the sport, and, later, with the good fare furnished by the Hammar 
Lake in November. 

- We returned to the village at sunset, an unforgettable sunset. The 
wind had dropped; the rushes we had left formed a black line dividing 
a fiery copper sky, to the south and west of us, from a copper, tranquil 
lake. To the north the lilac-grey sky merged imperceptibly into the 
lilac-grey lake, no shore being in sight. Not a tree was to be seen. In 
the north-east the lurid orange flames of’ the reed-fire were to be seen 
on the horizon, and across the whole northern sky an are of grey smoke 
marked the long course the fire had, run during the day from west to 
east. 

It was dark on our arrival at the village and I hastened to light the 
lamp and spread the sheet. Again Nymphula affinialis, Guen., came in 
swarms, but except for two or three Hyphilare loreyi, Dup. (a migrant 
grass-feeder, commonest in oases in Iraq) no other species was seen. 
Nor did walking into the bulrush-bed with the light produce anything 
else. 

A brief visit: to the edge of the high desert, however, produced two 
species of Lepidoptera in fair numbers before our return over the mud 
flats. 

Thus no characteristic marsh-moth was taken on either of my two 
visits to this marsh locality, unless the single unidentified micro (BM. 
32) proves to belong to a marsh ecofauna. 

I had, of course, not neglected to examine the beds-of rush during © 
the afternoon and quickly decided that no large borer-moth inhabits 
them, and probably no simaller borer such as Orthotaelia sparganella, 
Thunb. Whether or not there is a species of borer in the reed-beds 
(Phragmites) elsewhere in S. Iraq, I do not know, not having been able 
to examine them yet, but I think that Phragmataecia castanae, Hubn., 
will be found there, where reed is plentiful and perennial, for, as tabu- 
lated: above, I nes found it in Khuzistan, and it is alsa Inown from 
the feria: according to Seitz. 


TWO VISITS TO THH HAMMAR LAKE. 31 


Had typhae been present I would hardly havea missed signs of it, 
even had I visited the marsh at the wrong season; as English lepidop- 
terists know, its galleries and exit-holes are conspicuous and unsightly 
and are furthermore often slashed open by marauding water-fowl (moor- 
hens, etc.). Incidentally, I saw none of these fowl among the Hammar 
Typha-beds, though they are common in the Kurdish mountain streams 
of N. Iraq where Typha grows. Why should this moth be absent from 
S. Iraq? Not on account of the change in water-level, for the plant is 
common also in the ditches of the date-palm gardens around Basra and 
equally devoid there of trace of moth and bird. The reason must be 
climatic; typhae is a Euro-Siberian moth and the plain of Iraq is too 
torrid. It will, however, be seen from the table given with this article 
that it occurs south of Basra at heights where winters are colder and 
summers less prolonged. 


Lest I be accused of concentrating on a narrow group of moths, let 
me here add a list of marsh moths taken by myself at Amik marsh, Coele- 
Syria, in 1934, other than those already mentioned :—Phragmatobiw 
fuliginosa, L., Scopula flaccidaria, Z., Diatraea luteella, Motsch., 
Nymphula stratiotata, L., Nymphula nymphaeata, L., Cataclysta lem- 
nata, L., Orthotaelia sparganella, Thunb. 


Not one of the above is known from §. Iraq. Chilo suppressalis, 
Walk., and Schoenobius incertellus, Walk., are known from S. Iraq and 
are perhaps marsh-moths, but I did not find them at the Hammar Lake. 


A similar state of affairs seems to exist in Crustacea, witness the 
opinion of Gurney (3), who writes on the Crustacea of S. Jraqian marshes 
as follows:—‘‘ My expectation had! been that the district of Amarah 
would have been a very favourable one for Phyllopoda and also that the 
Entomostraca would show a distinct mingling of eastern and western 
forms, but these expectations have not been realized. Only two species 
of Phyllopod.are included in Dr Buxton’s collections and the remaining 
Entomostraca are, with the exception of Daphma holtzi and Moina 
dubia, of a European type. Between Basra and Amarah there are im- 
mense areas of permanent shallow marsh on either side of the Tigris, 
generally some way from the river. The fauna of thesa marshes was 
sampled by Dr Buxton at Azize, Kharaba (East of Amarah) and at 
Ezra’s Tomb on the Tigris between Amarah and Basra. © Though 165 
species were taken at the latter place the fauna seems to be surpris- 
ingly scanty. Dr Buxton suggests that the scantiness of the fauna may 
be due to the intense sunlight and high temperature of the shallow 
water during the day-time in summer, or to the daily great fluctuation 
in temperature.”’ 

A kind of parallel also exists in the bird-fauna, for Ticehurst, Bux- 
ton and Cheesman (4) say of the Hammar Lake:—‘‘ In winter count- 
less myriads of wild-fowl immigrate there . . . In summer it would ap- 
pear to be ornithologically not. sco interesting.”’ 


I imagine that the seasonal disparity in the avifauna of S. Iraq is 
far greater than that of an English marsh. 


3° Fresh-water Crustacea collected by Dr P. A. Buxton in Mesopotamia and Per- 
sia,’ by Robert Gurney (Journ. Bombay N.H. Soc., 31st July 1921). 


4°° The Birds of Mesopotamia ’”’ (Journ. Bombay N.H. Soc., 30th December 1920). 


32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1944 


To return to Lepidoptera, in none of the marshes of the Middle East 
that I have visited have I found one endemic species. The character- 
istic genera of the Middle East (Melitaea, Nychiodes, Armada, Agrotis 
(Dichagyris), Elaphria, and so forth) contain no Middle East species 
belonging to the marsh ecofauna. It seems a fact that the marsh is the 
most alien or exotic kind of biotope in the Middle East landscape. 

My hope, expressed in a previous article, that ‘‘ the Euphrates 
marshes contain some highly interesting secrets,’’? seems doomed to dis- 
appointment. 

The Lepidoptera characteristic of Middle East marshes are, it will 
have been noted, mostly Euro-Siberian. One of the exceptions, sohn- 
retheli, is presumably to be classified as Mediterranean, and the others, 
P. castaneae and D. luteella, are Tropical. - : 

A marsh is a special kind of oasis biotope. In other publications (5) 
I have observed how in arid climates of the Middle East, Euro-Siberian 
and Tropical species penetrate most easily in oasis-biotopes, where, no 
doubt, the higher humidity enables them to exist. Iraqian oases in 
general certainly produce a higher percentage of Euro-Siberian and 
Tropical species than the surrounding desert or steppe country. 


The general conclusion from the above opinions and observations 
seems indisputable, that the southern shores of the Hammar Lake, and 
very probably all the S. Iraqian marshes, are relatively unfavourable 
to life. 

‘Furthermore, it can be said that the S. Iraqian marsh-biotope is a 
desert compared with other S. Traqian biotopes, desert or oasis, and 
lacks the marsh ecofauna found in other Middle East marshes. 


The example of typhae discussed above showed that the fluctuation 
of the water-level could not be responsible for this moth’s absence; 
nevertheless, water-level-fluctuation is, in my view, an important factor 
in the impoverishment of the S. Iraqian marsh-fauna, especially since 
it operates in combination with the factor already suggested, namely, 
extreme and prolonged heat. I think it probable that the limited num- 
ber of hydrophytic plants along the low-water limit of the Hammar Lake 
is. due to the great fluctuation in the water-level. The sterility of the 
alluvial flats must also be due to the same cause, for desert plants are 
prevented fsom growing thereon by the four months’ inundation, while 
water-plants are killed off by the eight months’ drought and heat. 


The reason for the fluctuation is, of course, climatic. No rain falls 
during the long summer, either in the plain or the mountains, from 
which the rivers of the plain derive their water. The peak-floods of 
early summer are caused by melting snows in the Turkish, Iraqi, and 
Persian mountains, and a generally higher level between November and 
April can be attributed to winter rains in the plains and the moun- 
tains. High water on the Tigris at Bagdad is quite thirty feet above 
low water ! 

Although I have not yet been able to investigate any large S. Iraqian 
reed-bed, the above quotations from the Journal of the Bombay Natural 
History Society and the list of Lepidoptera taken by Buxton at Amarah 


5‘‘ Insect biotopes in Syria, Iraq, and Iran” (Ent. Rec., 15/iv/1940) and The 
Lepidoptera of Iraq, shortly to be published by the Department of Agricul- 
ture, Bagdad, both by the present author. 


THE WHITEHOUSE COLLECTION. 30 


and published in the same journal (6) seem to indicate that these reed- 
beds are little if at all richer than the bulrush-beds visited. Further-. 
more, the natives’ habit of burning hundreds of square miles of reed 
annually cannot be conduzive to a rich insect life there. 

There is another possible explanation of the poverty of the S. 
Iragian marsh fauna—the recency of these marshes and their isolation 
from other marshes. Between them and the much smaller but richer 
marshes of Syria, Turkey, Kurdistan, and Persia, from some of which 
their waters are derived, the great rivers flow through deserts, with 
banks of sun-baked mud and no marsh plants. Where the S. Iraqian 
fresh-water marshes now stand, two thousand years ago the salt waters 
of the Persian Gulf lapped. Perhaps these marshes were formed un- 
linked faunistically with more northerly marshes; that they are and 
have always been quite isolated from more southerly marshes also, a 
glanca at the map of Asia will suffice to show. 

This explanation, however, cannot be offered here with much con- 
fidence, for, while it can indeed truly be said that these marshes did not 
exist in their present position two thousand years ago, yet similar 
marshes may well have existed then not so very far northwards. It is 
reasonable to suppose that there have always been fresh-water marshes 
in Mesopotamia, but that these have shifted southwards as the EKuph- 
rates-Tigris delta pushed southwards into the Persian Gulf. EH ss,” 
the recency of the S. Iraqian marshes does not explain their poverty, 
and their isolation can only be invoked as explaining why a more 
northerly marsh-ecofauna cannot now find its way into them. The 
primary cause of the poverty is probably the climate. 

In conclusion, may [ appeal for a footnote by Fleet Paymaster 
Bainbrigge-Fletcher on the biology and range of N. affinialis? 


6° Moths of Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. Part I: Noctuidae, Lemoniidae and 
Pyralidae,’ by Lord Rothschild (Journ. Bombay N.H. Soc., 30th December 
1921). 


THE WHITEHOUSE COLLECTION. 


On Tuesday, 25th January 1944, a second portion of the collection 
of British Lepidoptera formed by the late Sir Beckwith Whitehouse, 
consisting of butterflies only, was sald. There was a good attendance 
of buyers, amongst whom were many well-known and discriminating 
collectors. The prices realized on this occasion were decidedly more 
reasonable than at previous sales. 

The total amount realized was roughly £750, excluding the 40-drawer 
cabinet, which was withdrawn at £34. There were 214 lots. Iorty-one 
lots from the collection of Sir Murdoch McLeod, consisting of immigrant 
and extinct species, were also included in the sale, and realized approxi- 
-mately £106. 

The following lots are selected as being of interest :— 

Papilio machaon, L.—Lot 1, An example of the remarkable melanic 
form bred by Mr L. W. Newman—a fine male realized £13 10/-, a not 
extravagant price. Lov 2, A male with suffused forewings, £3 5/-. Lot 
5—Gonepteriz rhamni, Linn., An uncommon form of gynandromorphism, 


34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /TIT/1944 


the forewings being mostly male and the hindwings female. Lot 12— 
Euchloé cardamines, Linn., An albino partly gynandrous, £11 11/-. 
Lot 13, A fine gynandromorphous specimen, left side 9, right side mostly 
¢, with two thin streaks of male coloration, £11 10/-. Lot 14, A male 
with buff tips, with two others, £5. Lot 15, A ¢ with the normal 
orange colouring very indistinct, £13 10/-. Lot -——Colias croceus, 
Frery., A specimen with the left side var. helice, right hindwing helice 
and typical, right forewing mostly typical 2, £15. Lot 22—Gonepterix 
rhami, Linn., An aberration with suffusion of deep orange over the 
central area of all wings, £11-10/-. Apatura iris, Linn., A J ab. tole, 
£5 5/-. Lot 27—Danaus plexippus, A ¢ taken at Penzance, £5 10/-. 
Nymphalis 10, Linn., A large ab. belisaria, £4 10/-. Lot 37—Vanessu 
cardui, Linn., A beautiful rayed example, Clapton, 1879, £16. Lot 38, 
A rare form with central areas of all wings without markings, £4 10/-. 

Lot 42—Argynnis paphia, Linn., An unique gynandromorph taken 
at Lyndhurst in 1900 by E. Wiltshire. The right side is var. valezina 
and the left side typical 3, with a few short streaks of valezina colout- 
ing on forewing inner area. Exhibited at the South London Society, 
1900, £20. Lot 43, A var. valezina ab. confluens, of dull colour, £10 10/-. 

Lot 47—Argynnis cydippe, Linn., A fine ¢ with forewings heavily 
suffused with black, £8. Lot 48, a @ ab. confluwens, £5 15/-. Lot 49— 
Argynnis aglaia, liinn., A fine albino ¢ of light colouring, the normal 
spotting missing or faint, £20. Taken by C. P. Pickett, Folkestone, 
1907. Lot 51, A beautiful melanic 2, wings all black except marginal 
spots, Canterbury, 1906, £21. Lot 57—Argynvnis ewphrosyne, Vinn., A 
male with spotless forewings and black hindwings rayed with buff, £9. 
Ulverston, H. Murray. Not in the best of condition and rather faded. 

Lot 71—Satyrus galathea, Linn., A, 3 with excess of black and an 
albino 9, £5 10/-. Lot 73—-Maniola jurtina, Linn., A beautiful albino 
2 in bred condition taken by Col. Len. Wood, Trowbridge, 1936, £7 
10/-. Lot 74, A 9 of the golden form, £4. Lot 78—Maniola tithonus, 
Linn., A perfect male of the ab. mincki, Seebold, £3 10/-. Lot 85— 
Thecla betulae, Linn., An ab. pallida. Lot 87, An underside completely 
devoid of spots except for discoidals, £2 5/-, a low price for this excep- 
tional rarity. Lot 93—Heodes (Lycaena) phlaeas, Linn., A straw- 
coloured ¢ with broad border, £3 7/6. Lot 99, A ¢ albino in poor 
condition, £6 10/-. . 

Lots 100 to 209—Chrysophanus dispar, Haworth, 3 and 9 specimens 
realized from £2 5/- to £7 5/- according to condition. Lot 111—Aricia 
agestis, Schiff., An extreme radiata on all four wings, £4 5/-, a decidedly 
low price. Lot 115—Plebejus argus, Linn., A gynandro right side 6, 
left side mostly 2, £1 4/-, a very low price for this well-conditioned 
msect. Lot 117, A fine caeca 9, Kent, H. A. Leeds. Lot 120-- 
Polyommatus vearus, Linn., An underside form of glomerata-obsoleta, a 
very rare form, £4. Lot 123-—A perfect male Irish caeca in bred condi-. 
tion, S. B. Hodgson, Co. Mayo, 1929, £2 4/-. 

Lot 126, A hybrid assumed to be by P. icarus and P. bellargus, 30/-. 
Lot 127, Hybrid (coridon and oellargus), £3 5/-. Lot 128—Lysandra 
coridon, Poda., An extreme ab. marginata-latiora, £4 10/-. Lot 129, 
An extreme form of ab livida, £5 5/-, a very moderate price for this 
beautiful insect. Lot 132, an ab. pallida-suffusa, £3 15/-. Lot 137, An 
ab. latiora, £2 15/-. Lots 138 2nd 139, Two pairs of pulla-suffusa, £2. 


BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA DURING 1943. 35 


5/- and £2 10/- respectively. Lot 140, A ¢ alba-obsoleta, £3. Lot 141, 
alba-obsoleta, £4 15/-. Lot 142, A very fine ¢ radiata on all four wings, 
H. A. Leeds, Royston, £12 10/-, a price favourable to the buyer. Lot 
143, A good example of ab. obsolescens, £3 10/-. Lot 144, A perfect 
caeca, £5 10/-. Lot 145, A fine alba-radiata, £7 10/-. Lot 146, An 
alba-obsoleta minus lunules—a very rare form, £4. Lot 147, A fine 
example of ab. mixtaelongata, Royston, L. W. Newman, £10 10/-. 

Lot 148, A fine example of ab. fowlert, a 9, £12 12/-, a record price. 
Lot 156, A 9 ab. alba-obsoleta, with brilliant orange lunules, £5 5/-. 
Lot 157, A similar specimen, £4 5/-. Lot 158, A handsome alba-radiata 
2, H. A. Leeds, Royston, 1923, £9 10/-. Lot 160, A melanic 2 under- 
side, £3 15/-. Lot 161, A fine anti-digitata, £5. Lot-162, A beautiful 
alba-obsoleta with very large orange lunules—a striking aberration, £6 
10/-. Lot 163, A fine semialbescens-obsoleta, £3. Lysandra bellargus, 
Rott.—Lot 170, An assumed hybrid (bellargus-icarus), £2 10/-. Lot 
174, A beautiful dark ¢, the central portions of forewings being 
lavender, £5. Lot 176, A form of ab. czkele, £2 10/-. 

Lot 178, A deep black ¢, £11 10/-. Lot 179, A gynandro, £4 15/-. 
Lot 181, a vretty form of ¢ albo-obsoleta, £4 15/-. Lot 182, A d caeca 
form, £3. Lot 183, A fine semi-alba-obsoleta, £5 15/-. Lot 185, An ab. 
radiata on all four wings, £9 5/-. Lot 186, A very pretty form of alba- 
radiata on all four wings, £12. Lot 191, An ab. digitata 9, £2 10/-. 
Lycaenopsis argiclus, L.—Lot 198, A rare @ of slate coloration, H. 
Quarrington, £2. Ochlodes venata, Bremer-and Gray—Lot 206, An 
albino form, £2 15/-. Lot 207, A semi-albino, £2 10/-. Carterocephalus 
palaemon, Pall.—Lot 209, The specimen with black forewings recently 
sold for £8 now realized £9 10/-. 

The 40-drawer Brady cabinet, a beautiful piece of work, was with- 
drawn at £34. 


SPECIMENS FROM SIR M. MCLEOD COLLECTION. 

Chrysophanus dispar, Haworth.—10 pairs realized from £2 10/- to 
£10 10/- per pair according to condition. Six pairs of Pontia daplidice, 
Iinn., 27/- to £3 10/- per pair. Argynnis lathoma, Linn.—Six pairs 
from 30/- to 35/- per pair. Cyaniris semiargus, Rott. (acis)—24/- to 
70/- per pair. Nymphalis antiopa, L.—10 examples, 20/- to £3 each, 
according to condition. 

All the lots in the Whitehouse sale were fully described with details 
of captor’s name and locality.—S. G. Castiz RUSSELL. 


BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA 
DURING 1943. 


By H. A. Lerps. 


Following a mild winter vegetation was early, but five sucessive days 
of gales in late April with others following at intervals during early 
May caused much damage to trees and destruction of larvae. The elm 
feeders were almost annihilated; I tried beating elm trees in various 
parts, when the leaves were formed, and only two moth larvae of fair 
size were found, but a few days afterwards about a dozen full-fed larvae 


36 _ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1IT/1944 


of w-album were obtained by searching a thick sheltered quantity of 
young elms; later on a few were flying there, and one elsewhere. In 
1942 this species was abundant in an elm plantation, but not one was 
seen there this year; the larvae are easily dislodged and some years back 
following a sharp gust of wind several were picked up from bare ground. 
It is probable that pruni larvae were depleted by the gales. The emer- 
gence commenced early as four were seen fiying on 9th June; a few were 
taken up to the morning of 14th, when four in fair condition were re- 
tained and seven worn were released; this was followed by a thunder- 
storm, and heavy showers ensued for about a week. A visit to Monk’s 
Wood on 24th showed that pruni was nearly over and only a few were 
seen; as customary, a few C. rubi, very faded, were noticed on the 
privet; when fresh out and so long as possible they frequent May blos- 
soms. A male camilla was feeding on privet and several galathea and 
hyperantus were fresh out. 

The next day, 25th June, I had a rather startling experience as after 
proceeding a few hundred yards along the main riding a terrific explosion 
occurred, about 80 yards away, throwing up earth and debris, a flight 
of Flying Fortresses was passing over the wood and two of them 
left the others and circled twice around the place, apparently to ascer- 
tain if a plane had crashed. Usually there was a noise in the wood, 
either of tractors pulling up the bushes and trees, or the loud conver- 
sations of Italian prisoners clearing up, but this morning everything 
had been so quiet. Knowing that blasting had taken place in more dis- 
tant places I assumed it had commenced in the wood and hurried far- 
ther away and before reaching the extreme end of the wood other ex- 
plosions followed, so crossing two fields the return Journey was made 
on the roads. A fresh large female c-album and several fresh urticae 
had been seen. The blasting operations continued for some time and 
curtailed my visits, but rapid progress was made and by the middle 
of July possibly about 14 or 15 acres had been ploughed and levelled 
and, although late, potatoes were being planted on part of it; just pre- 
viously another 14 acres had been set. These crops had not been lifted 
by the end of October, but judging from the thinness of the stems the 
yield would be meagre and small. Rather over 30 acres has now been 
cleared and a trial plot of about half-an-acre set at the proper time 
has produced a fair crop of potatoes. There are many thickets con- 
taining blackthorn still left in Monks’ Wood and Mr H. Neaverson, the 
owner, does not desire to make a drastic clearance. Let us hope that 
the whole 400 acres of this noted wood may gradually be reafforested 
and ultimately return to its pre-1914 routine clearance of 20 acres of 
undergrowth with removing of serviceable trees and planting saplings. 
This rotation of 20 years allowed the growth of blackthorn and main- 
tained the continuation of pruni, whilst other flora and fauna subsisted. 
Actually the time arrives when some of the thickets become so impene- 
trable that they are best removed. 

Very fine weather prevailed from 14th May until the 29th, and it 
was most enjoyable to spend most of the time outdoors. In its beginning 
I noticed that the huge gyrotiller had stopped in this hamlet and en- 
quiring of the driver found it was going to churn up last year’s clearing 
in Monks’ Wood. Knowing that some small blackthorns were left on 
the outskirts last year prior to August when Thecla betulae would be 


BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA DURING 1943. 37 


_ flying and possibly deposit ova, I decided to beat for their larvae. At 
the entrance to the clearing commencement was made on three small 
single-stemmed blackthorns about a foot in height; the first tap de- 
posited two on the tray and a third was obtained when beating the 
other two plants. This good start was not maintained, for only two 
more were found in three hours; however, it was easy to work as the 
tray could be placed on the groundvand the plant pulled over with a 
hooked stick. On subsequent days one or two similar visits were made; 
twice the result was nil, once one, and the best yielded seven. After 
eight days, during which 14 acres had been ploughed, the gyrotiller 
left for a hilly ridge on the opposite (east) side of Wood Walton, where 
in the beginning of 1892 about 100 acres of bushes and a few trees 
covered the slopes of a bridle-way leading to Wennington, a large por- 
tion of which was cleared by tractors and Italian prisoners last year. 
Going to that place the next morning [ found that 35 acres 
had been previously prepared and flax was being drilled. This sowing 
was late and the resulting growth was too short for the fibre to be used; 
although the linseed might be valuable, the greater portion of the oa 
fell out and the area was covered ah small growth from them when 
the flax was pulled and stacked in the beginning of October. Flax is 
pulled up by the roots and a very complicated puller, hauled and worked 
from a tractor, is used for that purpose; this machine is in big demand 
and possibly was previously better employed on more fibrous crops 
which would also yield linseed. Some fair crops were grown on other 
hillsides here this year, but the quality was below that of last year’s 
fibre. 

Beating was commenced on some outlying blackthorns and soon after- 
wards the gyrotiller driver shouted to me to “‘ watch the high bushes.” 
A loud tearing noise was going on behind them and almost immedi- 
ately a wide portion of them was advancing towards me; it seemed 
uncanny for what might be likened to a section of a high hedge to 
suddenly break away and come forward rather rapidly; getting to one 
side I found that a powerful bull-dozer was uprooting and pushing the 
bushes out for clearing away. They are trimmed and the best portions 
sold, by trailer loads, for firewood. It was my first experience of a bull- 
dozer and I realized its usefulness in clearing a way through scrub, etc., 
’ in foreign parts. Getting further away seven betulae larvae were found 
that morning; the results here were better than in the wood, 17 being 
obtained one evening, and by 29th May my circuit was completed long 
before uprooting finished. Some of the betulae were sent away for im- 
portant experiments, part for introduction to an apparently suitable ~ 
place in the Midlands, whilst the last eleven emerged as follows in July: 
males, 4th one, 5th two, 6th two; females, 7th one, 8th three, and 10th 
two. ; j 

When beating several moth larvae were saved from destruction by 
taking them to hedges containing blackthorn and distributing them on 
my way home. Caeruleocephala was common, and a few T. crataegi, 
sphine (cassinia), rupicapraria and cucullatella occurred; brumata and 
the cannibal trapezina were killed. In August a male betulae regaled 
itself on snowberry flowers in my garden on four successive days; no 
other wild betwlae was seen, and very few Thecla quercus. 


(To be concluded.) 


38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 /1944 


AN OLD TIME ENTOMOLOGICAL ARTIST—WILLIAM BUCKLER. 
By S. G..CastLe RUSSELL. - 


T am fortunate enough to possess a large number of figures of British 
lepidopterous larvae painted from life by the late William Buckler. . 
Some time after their acquisition I showed them to Mr W. G. Sheldon, 
whose interest in entomological literature is well known, and who sub- 
sequently wrote te me as follows :— 

‘« |. I have learned some interesting particulars from Durant of 
Buckler’s methods. It appears that he painted from life on the grey and 
white papers interleaved with Stainton’s Manual all his larvae, and then 
from these on to sheets of white drawing paper, the drawings that the 
plates illustrating the work, The Larvae of the British Butterflies and 
Moths by William Buckler, were made from. You will see that your 
drawings are the original sketches.”’ 

The complete work, in 9 vols.,.was issued by the Ray Society in 1885 
and the next few years. In addition.to the drawings on the grey and 
white interleaves there are a large number on white drawing paper. 
The total number of drawings amounts to 3400, and are most beautifully 
and delicately executed, as might be expected from an artist who ex- 
celled in portrait and miniature painting. Occasionally, imagines after 
emergence are figured and these are equally beautiful. The colours ap- 
pear to be as fresh as when first laid on. On the fly-leaf of the copy of 
Stainton’s Manual, vol. 2, is the following inscription in the artist’s 
own attractive writing: 


‘“¢ William Buckler. Lumley, 1859. 
For thou, Lérd, has made me glad through thy Works: and I will rejoice 
in giving praise for the operation of thy hands—Psalm, xc, 11.” 


Those who possess a copy of Buckler’s Larvae will have read in Stainton’s 
Preface that the artist commenced the figures in 1858 and continued 
until his death in 1884, during which time he executed over 6000 figures. 
As an entomological artist Buckler has never been excelled for accuracy 
and beauty of insect figures. The original paintings are, as might be 
expected, far superior to those reproduced on the plates in the work, 
and I have found them invaluable for identification purposes. 

Only several figures of the Rhopalocera and Sphingidae are included 
in my collection, and it would be very desirable to learn if possible the 
whereabouts of the complete number illustrated in the work. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


PLUSPA MONETA .IN ScorLtaAND.—When South’s book was printed P. 
moneta had spread as far north as Cheshire. That must now be many 
years ago and possibly various records have been made of its travel north- 
wards since that date; however, being out of touch and this Plusia being 
new to me, I felt that it might be of interest to note that while collect- 
ing in Stirlingshire up to 1925 no trace of moneta was found although 
most of the other Plusias were taken. Since transferring to Renfrew- 
shire I took my first moneta at Delphinium flowers on the 7th August 


COLLECTING NOTES. 39 


1941. During 1942 several larvae were taken on Delphinium and these 
commenced pupating on 6th June and hatched from 30th June onwards. 
Wild specimens were also taken, all in July, the last being captured on 
_ the 3ist. 

During 1943 the case was much the same, small larvae at the black 
stage being taken on Delphinium from 28th April onwards. These com- 


menced pupating 22nd May and emerged from 28th June onwards. The 
last wild specimen this year was taken on 27th July. 

Delphiniums are reasonably plentiful in this district and so far I 
have only taken the larvae on this plant, although a few years ago 
when troubled with damage to the flowerheads of some Monkshood 
(Aconitum) I destroyed several small larvae which I took to be micros, 
but were probably monzta larvae in the first stages. Unfortunately the 
Monkshood has now been removed so that I have been unable to verify 
this as a food plant in this district.—Anan M. Mactavurin, Suilvenbeg, 
Kilmacolm, Renfrewshire, 26th October 19438. 


APATELE (ACRONYCTA) ALNI, L., IN STAFFORDSHIRE.—I was fortunate 
enough to find a nearly full-fed larva of A. alni on 20th August 1943, 
in the village of Streetly, Staffs. It was crawling on the pavement in 
front of the few shops there and had evidently crossed the main road 
from some trees in Sutton Park on the other side. I noticed it and idly 
thought in my mind that it was a funny place to see a Cinnabar larva 
and thinking there was no ragwort near J looked back and saw the 
plumes on it and recognized the value of the find. I¢ is still feeding on 
Birch and I am hoping it will not be parasitized.. It is a fine example, 
with all the plumes perfect. Streetly is only nine miles from the centre 
of Birmingham.—P. Srvirer SMITH, aap Aston Park, Streetly, near 
Birmingham. 


InrorMaition Re PeTHER CoLLEcTION WaNntTED.—In two split sections 
IT have acquired the ‘‘ Coppers ’’ out of the Pether Collection. Thev 
appear to have been split and partly disposed of haphazardly at various 
times. This has led to many of the labels, etc., becoming mixed, and 
in order to clean them up I am most anxious = locate the key to a 
series of numbers, one of which is attached to each specimen. I should 
be grateful for information as to the whereabouts of this key and the 
loan of it to extract the relevant data. 

There are now many gaps in the series and if any of these specimens 
can be returned I shall be greatly obliged. In particular, since I have 
the ¢ Type of alciphron race insignis, Sag., I should like to get again . 
the 2 Type, as iti would be better for them to be together. The d 
type bears a red ‘‘ Type ’’ label. 

These matters are required in connection with a closer study of the 
racial variation, etc., of the ‘‘ Coppers *’ and for illustrations of the 
principal forms. Pip igevires SwitH, Little Aston Park; Streetly, near 
Birmingham. 


> 


A‘) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 /1944 


OBITUARY. 
Sir Epwarp B. Povutton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 


In the death of Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton the world has lost one 
of its greatest exponents of natural science, known far and wide for his — 
advocacy of the theory of Evolution by Natural Selection as proclaimed 
in the writings of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace. Born in 
January 1856 at Reading, his school life indicated his future by the per- 
sistency with which he followed his hobby of collecting natural objects 
in his spare hours. When the time came for transfer to the University 
he entered Jesus College, Oxford, as a scholar in Natural Science. After 
a general course in methods of scientific study he devoted himself to 
Zoology, with a special attraction for the Insecta. It was not long be- 
fore his steady work was noticed, and after passing First Class in Natural 
Science, he was appointed demonstrator to the late Prof. Rolleston. A 
long series of articles in scientific magazines and Society publications 
soon made him known outside the walls of the University, especially so 
by his skill in marshalling his facts and pointing out their effectual sup- 
port of the then new ideas on the Origin of Species. The result of this 
was that in 1889, at the early age of 34, he was elected a Fellow of the 
greatest British association of scientists, the Royal Society. The follow- 
ing year Poulton’s fine work, the Colours of Animals, was issued. Three 
years later (1893) the Hope professorship became vacant by the death of 
Prof. Westwood and Poulton was elected to the post, which he held for - 
40 years until 1933, when he retired. 

Of a very kindly nature, Poulton was always ready to help Associa- 
tions to promote an interest in the observation and consideration of 
living things. For many years the writer ‘‘ sat at his feet,’’ as it were, 
at the meetings of the Entomological Society of London (now the Royal 
K.S.), from which meetings the professor was rarely absent, but always 
when present had interesting objects to exhibiti and discuss. Pupils, who 
came under his influence at the University, subsequently furnished much 
biological matter of interest to us all. Many, carried abroad with them 
the spirit of observation of the things around them, and through Poul- 
ton’s hands their records grace the pages of numerous Societies’ publica- 
tions: Resemblances among animals not closely related, Resemblance of 
animals to other natural objects, animate or inanimate, animal tactics 
in avoiding danger and seeking concealment, warning colours, all had 
his attention and were subjects for continual discussion. Other more 
difficult problems were of late his study especially of the ‘‘ Germ Plasm ”’ 
of Weismann, ‘‘ Mutation versus Small Variations,’’ of de Vries, the In- 
-heritance of Acquired Characters, etc. 

For some years he was one of the eight members of the Entomological 
Club, and it was a great pleasure of life to be a guest at his annual sup- 
per at Jesus College. 

Honours came to him from various Societies both at home and 
abroad; he had served as President of the Linnean Society, the Inter- 
national Congress of Entomology, the British Association, and the Royal 
Entomological Society, of which he had been elected as Honorary Life- 
President. He was Honorary member of the well-known S. London En- 
tomological and Natural History Society. Meetings in France, Switzer- 
land, S. Africa, etc., he had also attended. The final honour was the 
well-deserved knighthood in 1935.—Hy. J. T. 


| 


‘ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (133) 


men and the hindwing are similarly white, and somewhat brownish 
tinged. The feathered antennae are of a red-brown colour.’’ Erlangen, 
Germany. 

Wernebrg, Beitr., savs that this is lutulenta. 

It seems a considerable stretch of imagination to consider this 
description as one of lutulenta, nor is the figure any assistance. Were 
the determination evidently certain, this would be the first detailed 
description, and the name melaleuca of Esper might supplant the name 
lutulenta of Bork. in the absence of an adequate description by the 
latter author. 


electrica, Fb., Ent. Sys. em., II (2), 46 (1794). 


Oric. Descrir.—‘‘ Laevis alis deflexis griseis: strigis duabus undatis 
apicis nigris. Rustica media. Caput et thorax grisea, immaculata. Ab- 
domen pallidius. Alae anticae griseae, obscurae, in medio maculis dua- 
bus ordinariis, anteriore parva, orbiculata, posteriori reniformi, majori. 
Versus apicem strigae duae valde undatae, nigrae. Margo ciliis cin- 
ereis fuscisque. Alae posticae uti omnes subtus albae, immaculatae.”’ 
Habitat Kiliae. 

Wernebrz, Beitr., 1, 520, says, ‘‘ Undoubtedly a variety of ewphor- 
biae, Tr.’’ No one else seems to have noted it for ewphorbiae. 


fuscus, Haw., Lep. Brit., 204 (1809) = p. 119 (Bomb.) (1803), fuscus. 

Ortc. Descrie.—‘‘ Alis nigris, fascia triangulari media, strigaque 
postica nigro-rufis obsoletissimis.”’ 

“ Alae anticae nigrae, fascia media certo situ solo conspicua, valde 
angulata, nigro-rufa, ad marginem tenuiorem valde attenuata; in qua 
stigmata ordinaria vix conspicua; anterius fuscum ovale antrorsum in- 
clinans; exterius rectum reniforme fuscum, ad latus interius nigrum. 
Striga postica repanda nigro-rufa fere obliterata. Alae posticae albae 
immaculatae.”’ 

Stephens said, JIl., II, 110, ‘‘ probably the Noctua lutulenta, Hb.” 


ab. orthostigma, Steph., Jll., II, 110 (1829). 

Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ Female, with the stigmata rather flavescent and 
distinct, the anterior. one rounded, the posterior straight anteriorly, and 
bounded on the hinder margin with a few whitish spots: the posterior 
wings very deep fuscous.”’ 


ab. pallida, Calb., Iris, I, 237 (1888). 

Oric. Druscrip.—‘‘ Its forewings are pale yellow-brown, as well as the 
thorax and head. The disc of the forewing is either not darker or only 
a little darker, but a darker shading is very clearly seen which lies be- 
tween the orbicular and reniform stigmata from the costa to the inner 
margin. The stigmata which divert the two transverse lines and the 
waved line are either obsolescent or they are somewhat paler yellow- 
brown than the colour of the wing, the reniform is sometimes yellowish 
marked. The abdomen is yellowish-grey as in the typical form. The 
hindwing of the male and its fringes are also yellowish, that of the female 
yellowish-brown, not grey as in the typical form. On the underside all 
which is grey in the typical form is yellowish, in the male always some- 
' what paler than in the female.” 

Roman Compagna. 


(184) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11 / 1944 


ab. unicolor, Burrows, Ent. Record, XI, 157 (1899). 


Oric. Descrrp.—‘‘ As type, but all markings most obscure.’’ ‘‘ The 
reddish or brownish-black of the type prevails, but there is scarcely a 
trace of transverse lines, sons band or spots.’’ Essex. 


ab. cinerea, Burrows, ihe: 


* ORIG. Trae —‘ Ashy-grey, with dark central band.’’ ‘‘ With dis- 
tinctly marked central band, making the stigmata more distinct.’’ 
Mucking, Essex. =consimilis, i a ashince band. 


ab. approximata, Burrows, l.c. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The ds with a blackish-fuscous central band, with 
the outer and inner margins cinereous-grey of the same tint as ab. 
cinerea; the 9s with the band marked off from the outer and basal areas 
by a pale margin on either side, but the outer and basal areas only a 
little paler than the central area.’’ =a sedi with much less contrast be- 
tween band and rest of wing. 


ab. aterrima, Wrnke., Int. Ent. Zt., XX, 293° (1926). 

Orie. Drescrip.—‘‘ A melanic form. The forewings of both sexes are 
unicolorous coal-black with bluish tinge. The normal emphasised black 
band, such as the var. Juneburgensis has it, shines through. The thorax 
also is coal-black. The abdomen is appreciably darker than in the nor- 
mal form. The hindwings of the ¢ are white but on the margin deeply 
blackened. The hindwings of the 2 are intensely grey-black coloured 
and only at the base to about the inner third of the wing somewhat less 
oe darkened; they thus appear far darker than in ERE normal 
form:””: Bred: enhance 


ab. brunnea, Schaw., Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver., XIV, 106 (1929). 

Orig. Descrrv.—‘‘ From Mostar. These are distinctly brown, one ¢ 
nut-brown. The forewings with the exception of the whitish praeapical 
costal-marginal streaks and the somewhat lighter brown stigmata (in 
one ¢ the reniform stigmata are whitish margined) are uniformly brown. 
In the lighter ¢ specimens a darker brown transverse band appears. The 
antennae and body are the same brown (not black-brown). The hind- 
wings white with a trace of brown on the margin and in the suggestion 
of a central band, in the 2 quite hight brown. The underside whitish- 
brown. The central band on both wings indistinctly brown, discal spots 
visible (forewing stigma). 


ab. decolor, Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 136 (1934). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. 17f. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ ab. brumnea, Schaw., has a fulvous hue,”’ ‘‘ is com- 
mon around Rome where it often assumes an ochreous-yellow coloration.’’ 
‘‘ This latter form I designate decolor, f. nov.’’ [? syn. of ab. pallida. 
—E.A.C.] cd 


Correction.—Page (131). Correct lines 28 and 29 from word ‘‘ de- 
scription.’ to and including the word “ Irish ’’ as follows: — 

‘Seitz figs. (called liineburgensis) agree with the average Scotch, 
Trish and Manx examples of this well characterized yet variable form or 
race, which some authors consider as sedi, Gn. But the name albidilinea, 
Tutt, the type specimens of which were from the Orkneys applies only | 
to the extreme dark ground colour. Very pale lined examples.’’ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (135) 


Epunda, Dup. [Aporophyla, Gn., used by most authors] nigra, Haw. 
(1809). 

Tutt, Brit. Noct., ITI, 59 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 55 (1895): Barr., 
Lep. Br. Is.; IV, 178, plt. 146, 2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat. I1Ted., 178 (1901): 
Splr., Schmett. Eur., I, 199, plt. 38, 11 G@905): Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 
938, fig. (1906): South,.M.BI., I, 288, plt. 137, 8 (1907): Warr.-Stz., 
Pal. Noct., (11, 124, plt. 30d, e (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 178, plt. 38, 
f. 3 (1913):°Meyr., Rev. Handb., 117 (1928). 


Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 65, f. 455a, b, e°(1790). These 
- figures appear to be the insect we knew as nigra. Werneb., Beitr., II, 
118, said nigra, Haw., without remark. These figures are quite good. 

Hb. Samml. Noct., f. 538 (1809-13), gave a figure which he called 
migricams and generally recognized as nigra although it is none too 
black and the marginal area shows too plainly the rufous shade; the 
hindwings are not good. The figure 861 of Hb.-Gey. (1834-40) is too 
brown, and too heavy in build; labelled aethiops. Neither is good, and 
both doubtful. But 709 nigricans has a uniform red tinge. 

Treit., Schmett., V (1), 184 (1825), said it was the nigricans, Hb. 

Frr., N. Beitr., II, 89, plt. 147, 2-3 (1836), gave fair figures of 
aethiops, Tr. = Hb., Noct., 538, 709, ? nigricans. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., treated this species under the name aethiops, 
‘Vol. II, 270°(1850). He discussed the figs. of Hb. which might be 
this species, at considerable length, and said that the fig. 147, 2-3, 
aethiops, Frr., was more recognizable than all Hiibner’s figs. ‘‘ 221 Hb.. 
Shape of forewing wrong, I never saw the orbicular white marked; 
538 Hb. nigricans, g, wholly aberrant, marginal line much too straight, 
reniform too little indicated; marginal band of hindwing too strong; 
709 2 better, forewing somewhat too short, the marking of the reniform 
_ not characteristic, the outer half of the fringes of the hindwings too 
dark; 859 ¢ forewing too narrow behind; 860 92, the whole appearance 
and the want of marking of the reniform:are very doubtful; the same 
with fig. 861 given as aethiops, but which I am doubtful may not be 
abjecta.’’ 

Guen., Hist. Nat., VI, 47 (1852). He said that this species was 
nigricans, Hb., 538 2 [709]; aethiops, Ochs. & Tr. He referred to En- 
gram., 455a-c. 


Barrett, I.c., plt. 166, gave two very. good figures. 


Stder., Cat., IIIed., 178 (1901), dealt with two syns., aethiops, Ochs., 
and nigricans, Hb. 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 199, plt. 38, 11 (1905), gave a figure somewhat 
too large and not black enough. 

Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 238, fig. 77 (1906), gave only the deep black 
form seileri, although he gave aethiops, Hb., and: nigricans, Hb., as 
synonyms. His figure is very poor. : 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 124/(1910), gave four good figs., plt. 
30d, e, three of migra, Haw., and ab. seileri, Fuchs. The synonyms 
given were aethiops, Ochs., and nigricans, Hb. nec L. . 

Culot, N. et G.. 1 (1), 178, plt. 33, f..3 (1913), gave an excellent figure. 

South, M.B.J., I, 238, plt. 137, 8, gave an excellent figure of the all 
black form, Silent Piche: 


(136) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /TIT/1944 


Barrett remarked on the Variation : 

Hardly variable, except that in the North the reddish-brown dusting 
of the forewings disappears and they become wholly black, except the 
yellow of the outer margin of the reniform stigma, and in some instances 
even this is curtailed or nearly obliterated. Specimens sent from Car- 
lisle by Mr G. B. Routledge are of a deep glossy black. 


The Forms and Names to be considered : 
nigra, Haw. (1806), Lep. Brit., 192. 
nigricans, Hb. (1809-13), Samml. Noct., f. 538. Syn. 
aethiops, Och. & Treit. (1816-25), Schmett., V (1), 184. Syn. 
ab. seilert, Fuchs. (1901), Stett. e. Zeitg., XII, 128. 
ssp. dipsalea, Wilts. (1941), Jr. Bomb. N.H. Soc., XLII, 837. 
Tutt dealt with the typical form only. 


ab. seileri, Fuchs., Stett. e. Zeitg., XII, 128 (1901). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings uniformly even deep black, without cop- 
pery sheen, with richer and deeper black marking. Almost blue-black, 
and when one holds the insect obliquely the richer deeper black markings 
stand out from the ground more distinctly than in the Dalmatian form.”’ 


ssp. dipsalea, Wilts., Jr. Bomb. N.H.S., XLII, 837 (1941). 

Orig. Drscrie.—‘‘ This remarkable desert form (perhaps also occur- 
ring in the Zagros hills) differs from the typical by its lighter ‘ drier ’ 
coloration. Forewing above: pale wood-brown, with a somewhat obfus- 
cated median area, and a narrow dark grey marginal shade, approach- 
ing which the nervure becomes dark grey also. Lines, clear, outlined 
in sooty-brown. Orbicular with grey centre and pale outline; reniform, 
similar, the discal outline being whitish. Fringe smoky-grey with 
lighter brown interrupted at the nervures. Underside, greyish-white 
with a pale coppery glint; nervures and post- and ante-median lines 
distinctly outlined in faint brown; reniform darker brown; fringes 
darker brown. ‘Hindwing ¢ white, w ee nervures marked in pale brown 
and margin in rather darker bown? Mesopotamia, Naft-i-Shah. 

‘“‘ The distinctly brownish race found in the Lebanon seems to be an 
intermediate between the normal and the desert forms and is larger 
than dipsalea.’’ 


Miselia (Hb., Tent., 1806) (Treit., Schm., 1825) (Steph., Jll., 1829), 
most authors ate ganeniee Hb. (1820), ena Warr. -Stz., Draudt- 
Stz.: Allophyes, Tams. (1942)] oxyacanthae, L. 

Nore.—WMiselia, Hb., and Meganephria, Hb., are genera which are 
said to be impossible foe oxyacanthae. (See Ent., 75, 209). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 61 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 56 (1895): Barr., 
Lep. Br. Is., IV, 325, plt. 172, 2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., ‘TTed., 181 (1901): 
“Splr., Schm. Eur., 1, 204, plt. 39, 9 (1905): Hamp., Tee Phal., VI, 306, 
fiz. 107 (1906): South, M.B.1., I, 289, plt. 131, 2-3 (1907): eee 
Pal. Noct., III, 129, plt., 31g, h (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 191, plt. 
35, 5-6 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 125 (1928). 


Rosel, Ins. Belust., I, plt. 33, 1-6 (1746?), gave two very fair figures, 
of which the ground coleman is very much too dark, almost black. 


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No. 4, 


APRIL 1944 


ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD 
| AND tees 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION © 


ys: 

: - EDITED with the assistance of 

3 MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. { T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 

E. A. COCKAYNE, AM. D.M,F.RES. | FZS., F.RES. 

" api | HL. E. Pace, F.R.ES 

tS: J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. . wet rahe eaaens saa 

a H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. | Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F:R.E.S., F.Z.S. 
4 Editor Emeritus—-G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 

a By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 

A ——— a RaS ae ee — 
3 CONTENTS. 

| PARNASSIUS APOLLO RACE KOSSWEGI, DE LATTIN, Malcolm Burr, D.SE., 

ee F.R.E.S, ee 4A: 
Bo BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN W yOOD. WALTON, HUNTS, “AREA. DURING 

ie 1943 A Ay -Leeds .... ot ae e A | 
q COLLECTING NOTES: Migdsierecane Notes, Po Bain Me: avin: Breeding 

4 Experience with Arctia caja, H. Douglas Smart, F.R.E.S.; Hamaeris 


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PARNASSIUS APOLLO, RACE KOSSWEGI, DE LATTIN, 4] 


PARNASSIUS APOLLO, RACE KOSSWIGI, DE LATTIN. 
By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. 


During the last week in August 1943 I had the good luck to spend 
a week at the top of Uludagh, better known to English readers as the 
Bithynian Mt. Olympus. 

Like most isolated peaks, it has a characteristic fauna and flora, 
which has heen fairly well investigated. Among its specialities is Par- 
nasstus apollo, represented by a special race discovered in 1938 by Pro- 
fessor Kosswig, of Istanbul University, and described, on a pair sup- 
plied by him, by de Lattin in the Zeitschrift des Wiener Entomologen 
Vereins, 36 Jahrg., 1941, pp. 145-148, with sketch map and Plate XJ. 
The race is named after its discoverer, P. apollo, r. kosswigi, de Lattin. 

As this paper is inaccessible to British readers, it is, I think, worth 
while reproducing the description, together with the author’s remarks. 

It flies above the forest zone, that is approximately above 2000 metres, 
from the end of July. It was still strong on the wing in the last week 
of August, when I found one pair in copula. I caught several speci- 
mens, which J forwarded to the British Museum, and one or two to 
Mr Wheeler. 

To the non-lepidopterist the interesting feature about this race is 
its relation with the neighbouring races. de Lattin’s sketch map 
shows eleven races known from Anatolia, each confined to a small area. 
They are as follows :— 


race peroneurus, Bryk., from, Amasia. 

race kesswigi, de Lattin, from Uludagh. 
race paphlagonicus, B.E., from Paphlagonia. 
race firabzonus, Shelj., from Trebizond. 
race anatolica, Pag.. from Sultan Dagh. 
race tauricus, B.E:, from Pisidia and Pamphylia. 
race auerspergt, Rbl., from Cilician Taurus. 
race levantinus, Rbl., from Aintab. 

race zarathrustrae, Bryk., from Malatiz. 
kashtshenkoi, Shelj., from Ararat. 

dubius, Bryk., from Kagysman. 


pA 
SO OND OP ww Lo 


bt 


de-Lattin observes that kosswigi, which is the most westerly, ap- 
proaches the Greek forms rather than its Anatolian more eastern rela- 
tives. This interésted me, as at least one of the Orthoptera from the 
top of the mountain is also closely related to a Balkan species. 


(To be completed.) 


“WAY 231 23 1944 
c/s KR ABS 


42 iy ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1944 


BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA 
DURING 1943. 


By H. A. L&eps. 
(Concluded from p. 37.) 


Three broods of phlaeas appeared, and on 20th May an example of 
Homoeosis was taken consisting of an orange streak extending inwardly 
from an enlarged sixth submedianm spot on the underside right hindwing 
of a female. The second brood yielded a nice female upperside, pallidula- 
major on 29th July; this brood was worn out by 16th August. The third 
brood was noticed on 9th September, and continued until 7th October. 
Two unusual features of this third brood are worthy of record. One 
concerns the almost entire absence of variation and the other regarding 
the great preponderation of females. 

Usually when a third, or fourth, brood is fairly numerous there is 
considerable difference in colour and markings, whilst among them the 
submedian spots .of the forewings are found, not infrequently, to be 
elongated; here only one was found and this only weakly reached anti- 
transiens on a female underside; a female ab. minor just below 26 mm. 
was kept, and no other aberrations were noticed except for 5 or 6 of the 
common forms of caerucuneata. 

Regarding the disparity of sexes, only fresh ones were counted and 
to avoid duplication no portion of my walks was counted a second time. 
’ The distance covered was four to five miles, mostly one route out and 
another home; the directions varied. September:—9th, 5 females, 1 
male; 18th, 6 females; 22nd, 63 females, 8 males; 23rd, 23 females, 5 
males; 24th, 14 females, 5 males; 25th, 21 females, 7 males; 27th, 25 
females, 6 males; foggy and dull weather then ensued and the last sight 
of fas phlaeas was 1 female and 1 male during a short burst of sun- 
shine on 7th October. These total 158 females and 28 males, giving a 
percentage of about 18 males to each 100 females. The weattion was 
not favourable for emergence from 9th September until 22nd, when 
bright sunshine followed a slight frost; a-sharp frost had occurred the 
previous morning. The figures do not represent the total examined as 
they were only computed during my scouting expeditions in the after- 
noons. Several visits were made during mornings to the long flat strip, 
covered with ragwort flowers, by the side of the railway where, as three 
years ago, was the most abundant growth. The count of 22nd Septem- 
ber was made by walking once along it, but the scarcity of males con- 
tinued there and they had not occurred earlier. 

The extraordinary abundance seen in the second brood of megera in 
1942 only resulted in the males-being rather more numerous in this year’s 
spring brood; females were exceptionally scarce and at the height of 
their emergence I could only find 4 females, for research purposes, to 
send away alive on one day. On the two previous days during long walks 
only one was taken each time and consequently released. The second 
brood was limited but contained more females. 

On 16th May 7 or 8 cardw were seen, a fresh one on 16th August 
and only one later. On 23rd July fresh io and atalanta appeared. Of 
the Pieris, brassicae was noticed on 12th April; rapae, 13th; and 3 napi 
along with several of the other two species on 14th. HE. cardamines male 
on 17th. In the spring broods both brassicae and rapae were numerous 


BUTTER®LY COLIECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA. A3 


and green-stuffs then and later were much damaged by their. larvae. 
The multiplying was gradual and although immigrants were reported 
on the East coast there was no sign that their influx reached here. When 
at Knebworth I saw a cloud of brassicae coming in from the east, several 
years ago; hundreds were dropping exhausted on the fields and road. 
Desiring to know if they remained in the district a ‘‘v’’-shaped piece 
was taken out of the forewings of a large number of males by the use 
of my forceps, many of these were seen in the Knebworth gardens for 
several days afterwards. As they were met some half-mile on the eastern 
side of the village, their flight after recovery was still westwards until 
finding sustenance, and immigrant females, in the gardens both sexes 
remained. No females were marked as it seemed best to trample on as 
many as possible, although it had no material effect as cabbages in the 
gardens and fields were ultimately ruined. 


Five icarus commenced on 22nd May, but continued scarce, the most 
seen being about 50 on 31st; some of the second brood were flying from 
21st July to the end of September ; the numbers were moderate here, but 
I learned they were more plentiful at Alconbury and Abbots Ripton. I 
took a few aberrations including male uppersides :—caeruleo, pure blue ; 
ultralavendula, dark purplish-blue; and a thinly scaled pallidula-laven- 
dula-suffusa. A male underside antibiirregularia with the right fore- 
wing darker grey than the opposite wing. Female undersides :—glom- 
erata-arcuata; and an antiradiata with all submedian spots well extend- 
ing outwardly, the second and twin spots joining the chevrons on both 
forewings. 

Aricia agestis (medon) in both broods was more plentiful than for 
some years, but poor in variation. Two or three argiolus occurred in 
April. Only 2 male aegeria were seen. Argynnis euphrosyne, aglaa, 
cydippe and paphia were very limited. Of the Skippers, tages and mal- 
vae were scarce, sylvestris, lineola. and venata (sylvanus) plentiful. 

Several typical croceus were noticed from 25th July until 24th Sep- 
tember. On 6th July tithonus was out in fair numbers. This species 
produced nothing worth: mention, and even additional spottings were 
scarce and slight. The latter remark can also be applied to jurtina, 
2 males appeared on 7th June and several the next day. Bleached forms 
were almost absent only 4 being noticed and two retained, viz., a male 
post-transformis and a female antidex-transformis; both were uppersides. 
No semele or lwcina could be found. Hibernated or fresh rhamni were 
conspicuous on almost any sunny day. Very few pamphilus were out 
during May, after which they were so scarce that not more than about 
six appeared on any one day; a male underside, taken 6th August, had 
very distinct additional ocellated spots consisting of the fifth spot on 
right forewing and the rare 5th and 6th spots on left forewing; another 
on 9th September was extensively dark brown and black on the front 
wings underside. Mr G. E. Hyde of Doncaster has told me that he had 
seen hardly any pamphilus when collecting this year in Yorkshire. 

This season is the earliest since 1933; in that year the large horse 
chestnut trees on ‘‘ The Green ’’ were in full blossom on 16th April, 
three days earlier than this year, and data for the insects then continued 
somewhat earlier as compared with 1943. 


All the aberrational terms used are from the Monograph of coridon, 
Bright & Leeds, 


* 


44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1944 


: ' GOLLECTING NOTES. 


SHor?T ‘articles and collecting notes are urgently wanted. Our space 
is limited and longer articles can be entertained only when convenient 
to be split into two or more definite portions. 


MonrGomMerysHire Novres.-—(Continued from page 22.)—July was 
consistently poor, both entomologically and metevrologically. Sugar on 
the Ist and 2nd preduced only T. pronuba (in plenty), A. exclamutionis, 
A. secalis, D. brunnea, A. monoalypha, A. rurea, VP. nebulosa, A. psi, 
LL. lithargyria, FE. lucipara, P. strigtiis, and M. brassicae. Next day 
1 found QO. atreta at about 1290 feet towards the Merioneth border and 
at sugar I took—to my surprise—a worn A. lucernea and a C. morpheus. 
There was nothing doing till the 9th, when two hcurs’ searching of 
birches yielded only five ‘‘ Prominents’ ’’? eggs. On the afternoon of the 
15th a 2 FL. callunae emerged in my cages, her subsequent matrimonial 
adventures providing both interest and precisely 200 eggs. -The mate 
she selected, when she deigned to ‘‘ cali’? on the 19th (she would have 
nothing to do with the first male she attracted) paired with her on my 
sleeve, his bright little eves twinkling up at me all the time. They 
paired at 3.7 p.m. and by 5.55 p.m. the female had already laid 17 
eggs. As usual with this genus, copulation was very brief. The female 
laid all her ova that night, and when I’ opened her abdomen two days 
later 1t was empty of eggs. These ova hatched during the 16th and 
17th August. 

A female 0. margaritata and a male M. maura completed the record 
from 9th to 15th July, save for four ova of L. capucina (camelina) on 
birch. A. sylvestris and S. semele were first seen on the 17th and on 
the next day O. chenopodiata (limitata). The first M. tithonus was noted 
on the 20th. A. paphia appeared on the 22nd, and then came a series 
of blank days (chiefly cwing to rain) till the 27th, when I found a larva 
of T. duplaris and more ‘‘ Prominents’ ’’ eggs, mostly dromedarius and 
capucina. Altogether a dreadful month. 

August was equally bad. On the 2nd I found a larva of D. trimacula 
in its last instar—it was climbing up a beech, having presumably been 
washed off a neighbouring oak by torrential rain the previous day. On 
a fence was H. furcata. Next day I collected from oak larvae of D. 
pudibunda, B. prasinana, NS. bilunaria (illunaria) and one exactly like 
a Plusia but with ten abdominal feet. This was ‘‘ a new one on me.’” 
A fresh brood of P. megera began to appear. During the succeeding 
days I searched birches without any success at all—how different from 
previous years!—and the only newcomers to sugar were A. pyramidea 
and C. trapezina. On the 10th a third stadium L. populi occurred on 
Saliz cinerea, L., and a few larvae of 7. or on the only clump of aspens 
for miles. A very lovely form of Hepialus fusconebulosa (velleda) was | 
brought to me from the hills (at about 1300 feet) on the Merioneth 
border. 

A newcomer on 12th August was Eupithecia icterata (subfulvata), 
and on the 17th I found a full-grown A. leporina (green form) on birch, 
together with a third instar D. lacertinaria, Sugar throughout the 
month brought nothing new except D. dahlii. On the 23rd a young N. 
ziczac was noted on Salix cinerea, Polia (which we must now call 


COLLECTING NOTES.: AD 


Antitype) chi, so abundant here in 1941, was represented by a solitary 
male resting on a stone wall on the 30th. P. meticulosa appeared at 
sugar the same evening and continued throughout September. 

September was even worse than August. The solitary larva of P. 
gnoma (dictaecides) found on the 8th proved to be ichneumoned, and 
oaks yielded only B. prusinana and D. pudibunda. On birch I found, 
also on the Sth, a half-grown @. corylt. From the 9th to the 15th it 
rained incessantly, the Severn valley becoming a lake. C. pisi’ (the 
common striped form), full fed, obligingly started to cross a road as [ 
approached it, and from the 18th to the 22nd there was such a torren- 
tial downpour that many iarvae must have been destroyed. All I could 
find during a lull (at the cost of coat sleeves wet to the elbow) were :a 
full-fed T. fluctuosa, a half-grown L. capucina, and two small Geo- 
meters. However, on the 21st, all foliage being still sodden, [ found, 
on a small bush of Salix cinerea, three young larvae of P. palpina on the 
south side, two on the east, and one on the north. Five duly pupated, 
the sixth being overtaken by the time-lag. At sugar during the re- 
mainder of the month [I took only A. litura and A. lychnidis., 

On 7th October [ boxed a 2 O autuwmnata found on an oak trunk 
and on the 9th a boy brought me a D. pudibunda which spun up in its 
matchbox by the time it reached me. It was kept in my study and the 
female moth emerged cn 17th December at 11 p.m, G.M.T. precisely. 
On the 14th I dug oaks and found a Q Notodonta unceps (trepida), six 
D. trimacula, and four B. prasinana—the last being, as usual, spun 
up on dead leaves collected in crannies at the roots. Do the larvae 
crawl down the trunk and spin up on leaves in these crannies, or do 
they pupate on growing leaves, the leaves falling to the ground in due 
course and being blown into the crannies by the wind? ‘‘ Some says 
-one thing, some says another ’’: behaviour in a cage (where, this last 
year, some of my latvae of this species spun up on green leaves grow- 
ing on the twig and some on dead leaves on the floor of the cage) 1s no 
criterion. Ivy hloom on the 28th yielded only a worn (. icteritia, seve- 
ral C. vaccinit and a good many C. ligula. : 

Asteroscopus sphinx appeared on 3rd November, and on the 4th V. 
io and Plusta gamma were seen flying in the sunshine. On the 11th T 
‘boxed a 3 C. pennaria from an oak. Thus ended one of the very worst 
years’ entomologising I have ever known.—P. B. M. Annan. 


BREEDING EXPERIENCE WITH ARoTIA CAJA.—In 1936 I obtained a batch 
of eggs from a normal A. caja 2 taken in the Epping Forest area. 
These ova produced one abnormal insect, a Q with the white markings 
on the forewings nearly absent and the orange hindwings heavily patched 
and dotted with black. 

This insect was not used for breeding, but the steck was carried on 
by several pairings among the rest of the brood, the larvae heing sleeved 
out for hibernation and the insects kept to their normal calendar. 

In 1941 a ¢ of this form appeared. Unfortunately, I was away and 
on returning found this insect in a cage with another g and two & 92, 
all normal, 2ll four insects having the same parents. There were seve- 
ral batches of fertile eggs in the cage, but none of them reproduced this 
form in this or the subsequent inbred generation, 


46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/IV/1944 


In other.batches from the same pure stock in 1941 there appeared an 
aberration with the hindwings more or less suffused with smoky scales. 
A pair of these produced ova, from which were bred about 25% of a 
totally suffused form, identitied by Dr Cockayne as ab. fwmosa, 
Hoérhammer, in 1942, with a few slightly suffused as to hindwings only 
and a majority of typical specimens. ; 

Pairings were obtained in 1942 of fumosa x fumosa, and of each sex 
of fumosa with smoky hindwinged and typical insects, all the direct 
progeny of the original 2. The stock was getting weak and fumvsa x 
fumosa laid no eggs. Many of the others were infertile, and finally an 
infectious disease destroyed the whole stock in 1948 after a very success- 
ful hibernation. J had 2009 larvae in 1942 and gave away or liberated 
about half of them, and from the rest I bred one crippled typical 9. 
However, Mr E. J. Hare had a small emergence of typical insects from 
this stock and obtained fertile ova, some of which he returned to me. 
I have also a small number of larvae from eggs found in my garden, 
which are likely to be of the same stock. If any of these come to maturity 
they will constitute an eighth generation without the introduction of 
tresh blood.—H. Dove as Smart, F.R.E.S., 26 Snake’s Lane, Wood- 
ford Green, Essex. 


HaMEARIS LucINA, L., IN THE New Forest.—Adverting to Mr 
Allan’s note in the February nuinber of the ‘‘ Record,’’ I may say that 
Colonel Burkhardt saw a few of this species in the Brockenhurst dis- 
trict, and I also met with a few examples, but in no part of the Forest 
area were they plentiful so far as my own experience. went. This species 
appears to be exceptionally lable to fluctuation in numbers. In some 
seasons they are plentiful; in others scarce. With regard to Apatura 
iris, this insect has for many years past been conspicuous for its absence 
in the Forest, although odd specimens have occasionally been reported. 
A similar period of scarcity existed in the 70’s when iris was not seen 
for some 14 years, after which it became quite plentiful again. Pro- 
bably it will in course of time again grace the Forest with its imperial 
presence, together with that fine and handsome butterfly, Nymphalis 
polychloros, Ju., which at one time was so plentiful in the Forest. A 
few odd specimens were seen during last season. The absence of this 
beautiful insect is much to be deplored; iris has in recent years been 
plentiful in certain districts away from the Forest area but not very 
far, and it may spread from there to its old haunts.—S. G. Caste 
Russet. 


SYMPHOROMYIA IMMACULATA, Far. (Diprera-LEepripsar) iy N. KENtT.— 
According to Verrall in Brit. Flies, Vol. 5 (1909) the distribution of 
this fly is not so generally known as that of the more northern species 
S. crassicornis, Pz., and the only localities lhe gives are Seaford in 
Sussex, Felden in Herts (both in June), and a reference inj Walker to 
Darenth in Kent. I have taken S. immaculata on chalk downs at Farn- 
ingham and HKynsford (June), and All Hallows-on-Sea, Thames Marshes 
(July). All my specimens were taken by sweeping grassy herbage. S. 
immaculata is one of the smaller British Leptidae and not very typical ; 
at first glance it resembles a small grey Anthomyid or Acalyptrate 
rather than a Leptid, and not uutil one looks more closely at the head, 


COLLECTING NOTES. 47 


Qa 
and the wing venation, is its true character observable.—H. W. 
ANDREWS. 


Heopes (LYcAENA) PHLAEAS, L.: THIRD EMERGENCE.—With reference 
to the Note on this subject in the Hnt. Record, January 1944, by Mr 
F. V. L. Jarvis, | am accustomed to seeing ‘‘ Small Coppers ”’ in Sep- 
tember and October on fine days in this S.E.° Sussex area. JI noted 
their occurrence on 11th October 1942, 24th September and 9th-10th 
October 1943, but not as anything unusual.—RicuMcoND WHEELER, 
Ph.D., Grantchester, Chynton Road, Seaford. 


A Hear EXPERIMENT WITH AN UNEXPECTED ReEsutt.—On 4th Septem- 
ber 1943, at Maidencombe, I took a‘ female Caradrina ambigua, worn 
and quite typical; before releasing next morning I found she had laid 
forty eggs. These hatched on 16th September. I immediately placed 
the larvae in an incubator at a temperature of 90° Fahrenheit. The 
larvae fed and grew at an incredible speed and the first pupated in 23 
days on 9th October; they all pupated by 13th October. J left the 
pupae in the incubator still at 90°, and the first moth emerged ten days 
later on 23rd October; all emerged by 30th October. This makes 37 
days from day of hatching to day of emergence—surely a record! [In 
India the allied Laphygma. exigua has been noted to complete a life- 
cycle in three weeks under natural conditions.—T. B. F.] 

Now, according to theory, judged by heat experiments on species 
such as Leucania vitellina, one would have expected the moths to be 
much paler in colour than the original parent, but not so in this case. 
The whole brood (30 in all emerged) are really dark olive tone, exactly 
the same colour as Zenobia retusa.—A. Russert James, ‘‘ Braemar,’’ 
Morgan Crescent, Theydon Bois, Essex. 


Tue Taxonomic VaLuE or GENITAL ARMATURE IN LEPIDOPTERA.— 

1. Investigation of the organs of copulation, chiefly of the male 
organs so far, has given a new impetus to systematic Lepidopterology. 

2. The great value of this method of investigation is in general in- 
disputable. 

3. It is, however, not possible to use it for all families as a gener- 
ally valid method of determination, as has been.attempted. In par- 
ticular, the axiom that closely-related species as a rule have very great. 
differences in their genital armature is incorrect. 

4. The taxonomic value of the male genital armature has, on the 
contrary, been shown by recent investigaticns to be uneven in the dif- 
ferent Lepidopterous families, and is small in some butterfly genera. 
It thas proved especially great in the Noctuids and Geometrids so far 
investigated, and is, as a tule, of real and often decisive import in 
separating the species of these families. 

5. Differences in genital armature do not always imply a specific 
difference. The geographical variation in the genital armature of a 
species can be considerable, and requires particular caution. 

The above is my translation of Warnecke’s conclusions in his paper, 
‘‘ On the taxonomic significance of the Genital Armature of Lepidop- 
tera ” (Verhandlungen VII. Internat. Kongress fur Entomologie in 


* 


48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1944 


Berlin, 1938, I Band, 1939, S. 463-481, 28 Illustrations).—E. P. Wut- 
SHIRE. 
; 

‘ ASSEMBLING ’’ IN INpIA.—“‘ Assembling ”’ is not, in my experience, 
a very productive method of collecting in India. It is, of course, pos- 
sible that my females were exposed at unsuitable times, but in most. 
cases males do fly at the hours when the females were exposed. I have 
had them coming to light at these times, and even if they came after I 
had gone to bed it is more than likely that some would have been found 
the following morning in the verandah where the females were exposed, 
as moths that have been attracted to light often remain SEELSe on the 
ceiling until the next day. 


All my records refer to Calcutta, but a friend of mine told me that 
he had tried assembling in Shillong with Actias selene, Hbn., and Philo- 
samia cynthia, Drury (both Saturniidae), and that it had been a com- 
plete failure. 

Tarayama siva, Lef. (Lasiucampidae).-—A single female emerged be- 
tween 8 and 9 p.m. on J.iv.39. The first night she attracted nothing, 
but laid a few eggs, which were infertile. Called on the evening of the 
2nd between 9 and 10 p.m. and attracted eight males. One male was 
put in the cage with her and paired immediately, remaining in cép. for 
about an hour. Immediately after separating she commenced to lay 
and laid about 230 eggs that night; the following night she laid about 
30 and died the next night. 


' Trabala vishnu, Lef. (Lasiocampidae).—A female emerged during the 
night 1-2.v.39 and was exposed from the evening of the 2nd, but did 
not appear to call, nor was it found to be calling at various times dur- - 
ing the night. She was found to be calling at 5.30 a.m. on the 3rd and 
continued till 8.30 a.m. but without attracting anything. On the night 
of the 3rd she began calling at 6 p.m., and a second female, which had 
emerged the previous night, was calling at 11 p.m. Both were still 
calling the following morning; no males were attracted and two males, 
which had emerged at 7.30 p.m., had not moved from their original 
position at 11 p.m., when they were killed. No males were attracted 
during the evening of the 4th, and by the morning the first female had 
begun to lay. On the evening of the-5th, the first female did not call 
and no males were attracted by the second female. 


Lymantria nigra, Moore (Lymantriidae).—Two females emerged in 
the afternoon of 21.xi.42 and soon started calling. They were kept 
under observation all the evening and looked at at intervals through 
the night, but no males were attracted. A third female emerged on the 
22nd, and all three were exposed that evening and night and again dur- 
ing the evening and night of the 23rd without result. They were killed 
on the morning of the 24th after infertile eggs had been Jaid. Another 
female emerged on the 25th and was exposed on the 26th and 27th, again 
without result. It is possible that the males are attracted during day- 
light, as a wild pair were found in cép. at about 5.30 p.m., the female 
‘still clinging to its cocoon. The female is a common visitor to light, 
the male a very rare one. | 

Tymantria ampla, Wik. (Lymantriidae).—A female emerged during 
the afternoon of 4.xii.41 and laid a numben of eggs during the night. 


COLLECTING NOTES. AQ 


2 


A second female émerged during the morning of 5.xii.41, the first female 
calling from early that morning and the second starting about mid-day. 
Only one male was attracted. Both females laid more eggs during the 
night 5-6.xi1.41. On the 6.xii1.41 both females were again exposed and 
at about mid-day three males appeared. A paper cover was then, put 
over the females and the males flew away. An hour later the paper 
cover was removed and two more males were attracted; one male was 
actually found resting close to one of the females and had evidently 
mated as eggs laid subsequently were fertile. No males were attracted 
that afternoon. More eggs were laid during the night 6-7.x11.41, and 
the following morning both females were again exposed and were seen 
to be calling. .A number of males were attracted during the morning 
and the first female was again allowed to mate. Eggs were again de- 
posited during the night, and on the 8.xui.41 one male only was at- 
tracted. Both females failed to call on the 9.xi1.41. The first female 
died on the 13.xi1.41, and the second female the day following. The 
first female laid very tew eggs after the second mating. This species 
has a wingless female and a day-flying male. This is the only case [ 
have of a female calling and attracting males after she had already 
mated. 

Perina nuda, Wilk. (Lymuntriidae).—A female emerged during the 
morning of the 31.viii.85. She was exposed the following morning but 
only attracted a few males. She was again, exposed during the next 
four mornings and proved rather more attractive. During the night 
5-6.1x.35 ten ova were laid and next morning 10 males were attracted. 
A male was subsequently caught and put into her box and copulation 
took place immediately. Calling was not observed at any time. This 
species has a female flying at night and attracted to light and a male 
flying in the early morning. . 

Parasa lepida, Cr. (Iimacodidae).—Four freshly-emerged females 
were exposed from 6 to 10 p.m. on the 15.v111.36, but not a single male 
was attracted. This 1s the usual flight period and males frequently 
come to light at this time.—D. G. Sevastroruno, F.R.E.S., Calcutta, 
12.x11.43. 


SusBsTirurE Fooppiants: A Note.—With reference to Mr Allan’s 
article on p. 5, Ent. Rec., January 1944, by ‘‘ associated evolution of 
insect and plant ’’ I meant. the parallel evolution of insects and flower- 
ing plants with about the same degree of interdependence as can be 
observed between them to-day, or perhaps with a rather weaker inter- 
dependence in the early stages of the evolution. No ‘‘ new theory of 
evolution ’’ was intended thereby. From Mr. Allan’s replies on p. 6 it 
would appear that, as I suspected, the genus’ Cionus did not,. in fact, 
originate before the genus Verbascuwm.—E. P. Wivrsarer. 


SyNTHYMIA FIXA, F., 1n ENcranp.—A male Synthymia fixa, F. (inono- 
gramma, Hbn.), in very fair condition, was taken at the: Start light- 
house, S. Devon, in 1937 by A. W. Godfrey and handed to the late Sir 
Beckwith Whitehouse on Ist October. It is a pretty species with slender 
thorax and abdomen and orange hindwings, and is about the same size 
as Hetypa glyphica. It is a common Southern European species found 
in S. France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Sicily, Malta, and Algeria, and 


50 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1V / 1944 


flies in May and June. The foodplant is psoralea bituminosa. This 
little Noctuid has been placed by some authors in the genus Homopyralis 
and the figure of H. contracta, Walk., in Holland’s Moth book, plt. 30, 
gives a good idea of its appearance.—E. A. Cockayne, 16 Westbourne 
Street, W.2. a 


METILECTRA QUADRISIGNATA, WALK., IN ENGLAND.—A female was sold 
with a small British collection at Stevens Auction Rooms on 12th May 
1931. The pupa was found on 13th March 1907 in a loose cocoon on the 
bark of a tree and the imago emerged on 16th May 1907. Unfortunately, 
the locality was not given. J am indebted ta Mr W. H. T. Tams for 
identifying it. It is a common North American insect and, no doubt, 
the larva was pee accidentally.—K. A. CockaynE, i6 Westbourne 
Street, W-2. 

There is a figure of S. fixa in Seitz Pal. Noctuae, Ill, p. 242, plt. 
481. It was described by Fabricius in 1794 in Ent. Sys., III (2), p. 46. 
Stdgr. listed it, Cat., III ed. (1901), p. 240, under the name Metoptriu 
monogramma and placed ut near our Huclidia mi and E. glyphica.— 
1a ge Jed 
‘ : 

A Nore on AGROTIS LUCERNEA.—Since reading the article on A. stmu- 
lans by Mr T. B.-Fletcher, p. 9, vol. lvi, I have collected the following 
facts about 4. lucernea from reliable sources. As these two’ species are 
very nearly related I thought it might be very interesting to compare 
their habits. A friend some years ago told me that he used to take 
lucernea in July and then never saw it again until the autumn at ivy. 
The other day I paid my friend a visit and saw in his old diary two 
entries for lucernea at ivy, 8th October, in different years. Another 
entry recorded, 22nd November 1901, that the larvae of lucernea were 
just hatching. This was the same year as one date above, 8th October, 
at ivy. Another friend had a Q lwcernea given him in July, which he 
kept alive till October in 1942.—(Capt.) C. Q. Parsons, Torquay. 

[More dates re the appearances of orks larvae and imagines, please. 


Hy). J oP 


CURRENT NOTES. 


We have received from the Imperial Agricultural Bureau the com- 
bined Reports on the Parasitic Service, which have not been issued as 
is usual.as supplements to the Annual Reports of the Executive for 
1940-1 and 1942-3. The report is an interesting account of the various 
insects, which have shown themselves to be pests and of the means 
taken to counteract their attacks by the supply of parasitic insects 
known to be predatory on these pests. Much of this work has been 
transferred to America (Canada), hence the delay, but still much work 
has been set in motion. Under the Headings, Vegetable Crop Insects, 
Forest Insects, Deciduous Fruit Insects, Cereals and Foliage Crop In- 
sects, Citrus Fruit Insects, Greenhouse Thrips, Stored Products, etc., 
the circumstances of each kind of crop are stated and the quantities of 


~ 


CURRENT NOTES. 51 


the parasites used and where, when and how they are being applied. 
There is a summary under the various Contributing Units for what 
parasites have been specifically wanted, the quantities shipped and the 
Funds supplied, if any; many of the shipments going by air. In some 
cases a few parasites only are sent, in others thousands. The second 
part of the Report gives details of the collecting of the material for 
shipment, the Field Investigation, those employed in this work, and 
breeding and amassing the parasites, the laboratory technique and the 
preparation for packing, the packing and shipment details undertaken. 
Not only were parasites shipped but no less than 53,000 beneficial in- 
sects were also sent out to Canada and Australia from one centre in 
1942-3. 


Tue Society for Brit. Entomology has recently published parts 6 and 
7 of Vol. 8 of its Transactions, the issue for 1943. There are two memoirs 
(1) ‘‘ A Contribution towards an Ecological Survey of the Aquatic and 
Semiaauatic Hemiptera (Water-bugs) of the British Isles, Anglesea, 
Caernarvon, and Merioneth,’ by E. S. Brown, B.A. (Oxon), F.R.E.S. 
(2) ‘‘ The Water-bugs (Rhyncota-Hemiptera) of North Somerset,’’ by 
G. A. Walton, M.B., Ch.B., F.R.E.S. The latter memoir has a large 
number of diagrams and sketches in illustration. 


Enxtomonocican Crus.—Should anyone who reads this notice have 
any snap-shots taken at meetings of the Entomological Club, or any 
Menus of past suppers to spare, if he will kindly let me have them the 
Club will be very much obliged.—Horace DontstHorre, Hon. Secretary, 
Entomological Department, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell 
Road, London, S.W.7. 


THe Sourn Eastern NaruraList AND ANTIQUARY for 1943 has just 
been issued and we must congratulate the Hon. Editor, Capt. T. Dann- 
reuther, R.N., F.R.E.S., for the work he has done for the §. Eastern 
Union of Scientific Societies. The Annual contains an account of the 
Proceedings at the Congress of 1943 held at Reading. The work of the 
Union is divided into Sections: The Zoological Section, of which Mrs 
Winifred Boyd Watt is the Hon. Secretary, comprises the preparation 
of a Bird Report of S.E. England, the work of an Immigration Commit- 
tee, and other zoological interests in the area. The Immigration of 
Insects is dealt with under this section by that most energetic leader, 
Capt. Dannreuther, a worker who never fails to register aught that oc- 
curs in his particular area. Let us hope that ere long the activities of 
the Union will not be curtailed by circumstances as at present. 


Parts I and If, Revista Soc. Ent. Argentina, 1943, are to hand. 
There are two Obituaries with portraits of well-known entomologists who 
have recently passed away. Dr Ernesto D. Dallas and Dr Carlos Bruch, 
both of whom have helped forward the study of Entomology in the Argen- 
tine for many years past. The President, Alberto Breyer, discusses the 
Pierid genus Meganostoma as represented in the Argentine and adds 
two new subspecies to M. helena, viz., ssp. conflwens and ssp. albescens. 
- Pablo Kohler discusses various néw species and forms of Lepidoptera 
which have been added to the Argentine fauna more or less lately and 
figures three species. Fernando Bourquin makes Observations on the 


52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1944 


' 


Metamorphoses of Syssphinaw crispular, and gives a series of figures of 
the different stages in the Life-history. The genus Syssphinz is strongly 
represented in S. America and until recently very little has been known 
of their economy. Some species are very attractive. Alberto Breyer 
has made a few notes on the species of Castnia found in the Argentine. 
Coleoptera, Diptera, and especially Orthoptera, etc., occupy much of the 
other space in these parts. Most contributions are well illustrated. 


Me T. Barysricce FLETCHER often very kindly aids in the Synonymy 
of some of the Noctuid species | am working out. The paragraph be- 
low is a critical note on one of the new generic names presented to us a 
year-or two age, and shows that tha change was quite unnecessary at 
least. This incident shows that before a new name is put forth, there 
should be a fairly long interval before it be brought into use, to give 
time to other systematists to discuss the case. 

Meganephria, Hb., Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 206, Coitus, No. 1 
(1820): Type vxyacanthae, Linn. [N.B.—In Tentamen. (1806) ‘‘ oxycan- 
thae ’’? was exponent of ‘‘ Stirps I. Miseliae’’: in Verz. (p. 206) “‘ Stirps 
I. Miseliae ’? contained No. 2069 ‘‘ Meganephria oxiocanthae, Linn.,”’ 
which Hiibner had already indicated as the special exponent of this 
Stirps and therefore, a fortiori, of this Coitus (Meganephria) included 
in this Stirps]. =Miselit, Treits., Schmett. Hur., v, 1, 386 (1825) [con- 
tained oxyacanthae, already indicated as type of Meganephria]. 
[Miselia, Ochs., Schmett. Eur., IV, 72 (1816) (nondesc.)}. [N.B.—Both 
Ochs. & Treits. quote (Lentamen) ‘‘ Miseliae, Hb.,’’ of which oxyacan- 
_thae was the sole exponent.] =Allophyes, Tams., 1942 [a quite unneces- 
sary synonym }. 


OnE of the sectional compilers of Seitz Supplement, Bollow said 
in reference to the over naming of races of Parnassius apollo, especially 
from the Tyrol, ‘‘ All these races will require to be thoroughly checked 
over by means of extensive material captured from a series of years. A 
few odd specimens are really not sufficient in order to establish a new 
race for each valley and village.’’ 


Races are not subspecies, but are only colonies with a few wild ex- 
amples of a particular aberration or form, perhaps not present every 
season. The confused use of these terms is another item to the ‘‘ witness 
of science to linguistic anarchy,’’.as so ably described forty years ago 
by Lady Welby’s extracts from scientific periodicals. 


‘ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (137) 


Ernst & Engr., ?up. d’EKur., VI, 81, figs. 328 (1788), gave two very 
good figures of oxyacanthae, Hb., 328d was a very variegated and 
blotched example, 328e was an average green-marked ordinary form. 

Esper, Abbild. Noct., IV, 543, plt. 160 (1790+ ?), gave two quite re- 
cognizable figures of oxyacanthae, L. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 31 (1800-3), gave an excellent figure of the usual 
continental form. In his Text, p. 165, he said it was a ¢&. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 374, plt. 91, 1 (1826), gave a good figure of a 
dark-ground typical form. 

Wood, Ind., 57, fig. 292 (1884), gave two very fair figures but the 
white character at the angle of the forewing does not show. 

Milliére, Iconog., etc., ILI, 165, plt. 116, 6 (1870), gave an excellent 
figure of an extreme form of oxyacanthae sent him by Doubleday, under 
the name capucina. 

Barrett, l.c., plt. 172, gave three figures. 2a, a dark brown form 
with suppression of markings especially the green ones; 2b, a very dark 
brown capucina torm, only the anal white curve being conspicuous. 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 104, plt. 39, 9 (1905), gave a very fair figure 
with only very slight green marking. He described a new form, corsica, 
and gave the forms previously described. 

Hamp., Lep. Phalaena, V1, 306, fig. 98 (1906), recognized capucina, 
Mill., benedictina, Stdgr., and asiatica, Stdgr. 

South, M.B.1., I, 289, plt. 131, 2-3, gave two figures, one typical and 
the other form capucina. Both were quite good. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 129, plt. 3lg, h (1910), gave six figures 
all fairly good but all. on the dark side with the green more or less obli- 
terated. So and © oryacanthae, ¢ and 9° benedictina, 6 and 2 capu- 
cna. ; 
Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 191, pit. 35, 5-6 (1913), gave two figures, a very 
fair typical form and an excellent capucina. 


Of the Variation) Barrett remarked: 

‘In its ordinary typical form not very variable, but slightly so in 
the depth of its chocolate clouding, more so in the abundance or de 
ficiency of the glistening green dusting on and near the nervures, which 
even in some pale examples is occasionally quite absent. But in a well- 
known and constantly recurrent melanic variety, known as var. capu- 
cina the ground colour is deep dark chocolate-brown, the markings all 
very secure except the white curved streak above the anal angle, which 
is always present and generally conspicuous; and there is little or no 
trace of the glistening green scales. This variety hardly appears to be 
united with the ordinary form by intermediates ; it seems to occur rarely 
or sparingly with it everywhere, more commonly in the Midland coun- 
ties, and in S. Yorkshire, Derbyshire and Shropshire appears to be 
quite as frequent as the typical insect. In the cabinet of the late Mr 
F. Bond is a strange aberration having the markings of the forewings 
almost obliterated by dashes of white, though’ the nervures are dark; 
in that of the late Mr H. Doubleday is a whitish-brown specimen with- 
out chocolate clouding, but shaded with pink, and possessing the dust- 
ing of glistening green, and also the usual lines and anal streak. 


The Names and Forms to be considered : 
oryacanthae, Linn., Sys. Nat., 10ed., 516 (1758), and Fn. S8., 319 (1761). 


(138) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. -15/1V/1944 


capucina, Mill., Icon., ILI, 165, pit. 116, 6 (1870). 
ab. pallida, Tutt, Brit. Noct., If1, 61 (1892) 

ssp. astatica, Stdgr., Iris, IV, 283 (1891).- 

r. benedictina, Stdgr., l.c. 

r. corsica, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 204 (1905). 

f. fulva, Roths., Nov. Zool., XX1, 329 (1914): Sp.? 
ab. subcapucina, noy. ab. 


Tutt dealt with (1) the typical form, reddish-brown with bright green 
inner and outer margins. (2) The unicolorous reddish-brown, with green 
obsolete, capuctna, Mill. (3) pallida, Tutt. Pale reddish-grey, narrow 
stripe of green on inner and outer margins. 


var. asiatica, Stdgr., Iris, IV, 283 (1891). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ I possess more or less typical M. oxyacanthae from 
Germany, Austria, England, France, Andalusia, Macedonia and Greece. 
Somewhat strikingly different from them are specimens which I have in 
large number from Amasia, and which were sent as var. asiatica. These 
are much lighter, grey, not brown like the typical European form, and 
they show on the forewings less greenish powdering. Also the hindwings 


are not brown-grey, but light white-grey, clouding somewhat darker to » 


the outer margin. I place with this var. asiatica two somewhat different 
os from the Amur (Suifun) which are equally light grey, but show no 
trace of greenish powdering on the forewings, on which the transverse 
lines, as well as the black longitudinal streak stands out sharper, the 
latter being somewhat longer.’’ 


var. benedictina, Stdgr., I71 is, IV, 284 (1891). 

Orie. Descrip. bi The specimens from Beirut form a great contrast — 
to this var. asiatica, and I describe them as var. benedictina. These have 
much darker forewings than the typical forms almost without any trace 
of a greenish powdering. They come very near the var. capucina, Mill., 
from England, but have not a prevailing brown almost black-brown 
. colour, but their dark (blackish-grey) forewings are only slightly brown- 
suffused. They have dusky, white-grey, instead of the dark brownish- 
black-grey hindwings of capucina, which on the outer half are powdered 
strongly with black. A few specimens which I obtained a short time 
ago from Herr Paulus from Jerusalem, stand almost midway between 
this var. benedictina and the var. asiatica, since they have somewhat 
darker forewings than the latter, yet their lighter hindwings seem to 
place them better with v. asiatica.”’ 


r. corsica, Splr., Schm. EHur., I, 204 (1905). 
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Paler, brighter yellow-reddish coloured.’’ Corsica. 


subsp. fulva, Roths., Nov. Zool., X XI, 329 (1914). 

Orie. DEescrip.—‘ Diiters from oxyacanthae in the ground colour be 
ing uniform cinnamon fulvous and all the markings almost obliterated.’’ 

Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., 111, 163, placed this in the genus 
Sidemia and doubted its being a form of oxyacanthae. Tt was found in 
October in Algeria. 


ab. subcapucina, nov. of. ; 
Orie. Descrip.—I have to thank Rev. Walter L. Freer ne Chute, 


‘ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. - (139) 


Surrey, for calling my attention to this form. ‘‘ A dark chocolate 
' form very similar to the illustration in South’s Vol. I, plt. 141, f. 3.” 
He says: ‘‘ It does not seem to be so dark a form of capucina as I used 
to come across in the Midlands.’’ Of a long series of this species (163) 
from many localities, I have one example taken at Mucking in Essex, 
of the dark chocolate ground without any of the usual black or black- 
brown marking. 


Dichonia, Hb. (1821), Stdgr., Splr., Culot [Diphthera, Hb. (1809), 
in Tent.: Polia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr., Meyr.: Agriopis, Hb. 
(1825), Dup., H.-S., Gn., Hamps., South, Warr.-Stz., Draudt-Stz. ], 
aprilina, Linn. (1758). 


Owing to the confusion of aprilina with orion (alpina) by early sys- 
tematists most, if not all, of the above generic applications are misap- 
plied. Recently Tams of the B.M. has proposed Griposia (1939) with 
aprilina as the type. 


Tutt, Brit.. Noct., T11, 62 (1892): Mevyr., Handbk-., 54 (1896): Barr., 
Leper hr is., 1V\.320, pli. 172, (1897): Stder., Cat., ited, 182 (1901): 
Splry, sehm: Hur. 1, 205, pli. 39; 6 (1905): South, M:Bl.,; 1, 290, plt 
47,2 (1907): Warr.-Stz.;. Pal. .Noct., Il, 132, plt. 32d G@910): Culot, 
N. e G., I (1), 192, plt..35, 9-10 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 132 (1928) : 
Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 141, plt. 171 (1984). 


Rosel, Ins. Belust., ITI, 218, plt. 39, 4 (1746-?), gave a very fair 
figure Dat the festoon- fee cae of the hindwings are a very remarkable 
embellishment. ; 

sebit.,. Vere.; 70,.F. 1 (1775), gave this species. under the name 
rumaca, which Hb. used. 

Uliger, Ausg. Verz., I, 198, F. 1 (1801), said that it was the aprilina, 
Linn. 

Ernost & Engram., Pap. d’Ewr., VI, 77, £. 326e, f, g, h, 1 (1788), gave 
a series of five forms and one underside all very well done. The varia- 
tion lying in the relative amount of the green, black and white and i: 
the depth of these colours. 

Esp., Abbild. Noctuae, IV, 276, plt. 118, 1-3 (1789+ 2), gave a recog- 
nizable figure, but the black markings were not characteristic. 

Bork., Naturg., IV, 141 (1792), described it under the name runica, 
he did not mention I., but put aprilina as dealt with by de Vill., and 
said it was the same species. 

Donovan, N.H. Brit. Ins., f. 347 (1802), gave a good but small sized 
figure with marking ee a the usual British form. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., f. 71 (1800-3) gave a good figure of a large dies 
tinctly marked example, in which fhe black markings formed an irre- 
gular W around the stigmata with a pedestal to the inner margin, 
under the name runica. Figs. 721-2 are also aprilina under the same 
name. 721 differs from 71 considerably, the black markings are more 
scattered and with some amount of white or light greenish-white. 

Hb.-G., in the Text, p. 179 (1834), gave as synonyms runica, Schiff., 
ludifica, Sulz., and aprilina, Esp. Curiously Gey. said it was not the 


aprilina, Linn. 
KB 


(140) \ ENTOMOLOGIST’ 8 RECORD. 15/1V /1944 


Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 365, plt. 95, 5 (1826), gave a good, but very 
dark fig. under the name runica, but it was the aprilina, L. ; 

Barrett, /.c., plt. 172, gave five figures, all good. la, 9, has un- 
usually dark hindwings with a whitish submarginal and a whitish blotch 
near the anal angle; Ic, the ground is a very’ delicate pale green and. the 
markings a darker green, about the normal ground colour with no trace 
of the black or blackish cclour of the usual markings. “Es 

Stdger., Cat., IIIed., 182 (1901), gave no forms but treated runica, 
Schiff., as a syn. 

Spuler, Schmett. Eur., I, 205, plt. 39, 6 (1905), gave an excellent 
figure ofa @&. 

Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 318, f. 104 (1906), gave a good b. and w. 
fig. and put runica, Schiff: (Hb.), as a syn. 

South, W.B.I., 1, 290, plt. 141, 1 (1907), gave a good figure with the 
black markings somewhat run together across the disc of the forewing, 
tending to form a band. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., I11, 132, plt. 32d (1910), gave a very good 
figure; recognized only ab. bowveti, Lucas, and treated runica, Schiff. 
(Hb.), as a synonym. . 

Culot, N. et G., I (1), 192, plt. 35, 8-9 (1913), gave three very fine 
figures: 1, typical; 2, ab. bouvetr, a very delicate-green, and 3, ab. 
_brunneomixta, with all markings darker with brown but the stigmata 
are very prominent. The figures strike one as being of unusually large 
size. 

Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., II, 141 (1934), gave descriptions of 
all the torms and illustrated bowveti on plt. 171 (1984). 


Barrett said of the Variation : 

Usually very little variable in the size of the black markings, or the 
intensity and extent of their white edgings. In colour unfortunately 
it is unreliable, the green fading very slowly and imperceptibly, but 
surely, and becoming, in the course of many years even dull orange. At 
the same time the white lines fade quite away. In the North of Ireland, 
in Scotland, and even on Dartmoor, Devon, there is often extension of 
the black central band of the forewings, sometimes to a very consider- 
able degree. In the collection of Mr P. M. Bright is a specimen taken 
in the New Forest, the ground colour of which is a singular greenish- 
white, with the black markings normal. One taken in Sussex by the 
Rev. E. N. Bloomfield is pale green, but devoid of black in the markings, 
which are merely indicated in paler colour. 


The Names and Forms to be discussed : 
aprilina, L. (1758); Sys. Nat., Xed., 514. 
runica, Sebati. (1775), Verz., 70, F.. Syn: 
rumica, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., 71. Syn. 
ab. virgata, Tutt. (1893), Brit. Noct., II, 62. 
f. bouveti, Luc. (1905), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 54. ‘ 
f. viromelas, Slvogt. (1908), Soc. Ent., XXIII, 74. 
ab. xantha, Schwrd. (1909), Verh. z. b. gess. Wien, LIX (327). 
ab. brunneomizta, Culot (1913), N. et G., I (1), 192, plt. 35, f. 10. 
ab. semivirgata, ab. nov. (E.A.C.). 


Nn es eT 
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All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and ail PROOFS returned to 
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EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates geet Desiderata inserted free of charge. 
They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TuRNéER, ‘' Latemar,”’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Wanted urgently for experimental purposes, ova or larvae (forced) of A. catia 
which are not going into hibernation—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, 
Surrey. 3 


Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than ab. lutea ana 
ab. bimacula. Duplicates—British L. l-album, exigua, cribrum, ocellaris ab. 
intermedia, etc.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. 


Wanted—American Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the 
Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. 
Write K. J. Hayward, Estacién steel ard tl .Casilia Correo, 7/, Tucuman, 
Republica Argentina. 


Duplicates—Rhopalocera from China and Peru, in papers, perfect condition, 
with data. Desiderata—Similar material except from North America.— 
John W. Moore, (5{ Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 80. 


Wanted—Living larvae of Pieris rapae, and cocoons of Apanteles ruwbecula or 
Apanteles glomeratus gratefully received. Large numbers required for Re- . 
search purposes. Postages, etc., will be paid.—Dr Ewen Cameron, Imperial 
Institute of Entomology at Clunebeg House, Drumnadrochit, Inverness. 


Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or 
from any other animal.—H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, 
Somerset. 


Wanted.—Lycaena (Heodes) phiaeas from all regions including British Isles. 
Also wanted other species of Chrysophanids from all areas. Exchange or 
purchase considered. Duplicates—Foreign Lepidoptera, e.g., Satyrids, 
Charaxes, Papilios, and others; full lists sent.—P. Siviter Smith, Little Aston 
Perk, Streetly, near Birmingham, 


Book Wanted.—Barrett, British Lepidoptera, Vol. 3; also Brady or Gurney Cabinet, 
20 or 40 drawers.—L. E. Savage® 65 Cranmer Avenue, Hove 4, “Sussex. 


Books Wanted.—: Draudt-Seitz Suppt., Vol. III (Noctuae),’’ English preferred.— 
A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,” Pulborough, Sussex. 


. Desiderata.—Frohawk, F. W. “ Varieties of British Butterflies’ (1938). Buck- 


_ler’s British Larvae (’86-'01). For disposal, ‘‘ Entomologist’s Record,’’ com- 
plete, Vols. 1-28 hif. cf., 29-55 wrappers. —A. F. L. Bacon, The Malt House, 
Burghclere, Newbury. : 


Desiderata.—Wanted a pair of Argyrophorus argenteus, the silver butterfly of 
Chili. Suitable exchange or cash.—S. G. Castle Russell, “‘ Springetts,”’ Sea- 
view, Highcliffe-on-Sea, Hants. 


Wanted, many species of ova, larvae and pupae, also Barrett’s British Lepidop- 
tera, Tutt’s Practical Hints, and Buckler’s Larvae of British Lepidoptera.— 
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JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED with the assistance of 


MALCOLM BuRR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.ES., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
F.R.C.P. 
J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.ES. sneer wet ean aeastah 
H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. - Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 
NEW SUBSPECIES AND ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH MACRO-LEPIDOP- 
TERA, FE. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.ES. — ... beat ae Se .. Os 
SALE OF THE COLLECTION OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA FORMED BY THE 
LATE SIR BECKWITH WHITEHOUSE ... Jab die ty eee : es 00 
PARNASSIUS APOLLO, RACE KOSSWIGI, DE LATTIN, Marcon Burr, D.S., 


COLLECTING NOTES: Some further Notes ¢ on Turkish ulus sent by Dr 
Burr, George Wheeler; Mice Eating Moths, Margaret C. Malcolm; Notes 
from the North of Ireland, 1943, Thomas Greer; Early Appearance of 
Hemaris tityus, L., P. B. M. Allan; Foodplants of Vanessa cardui, L., Id.; 
Spring Notes, 1944 : Early Appearance of Colias croceus, Fourc., S G. 


Castle Russell Aa 1 Gi gR Micke Ba die Bi oe a a es Be Ns 
Rerermnre ads Foot at akan aie Mae cede EE) Wi Rs, (la Gt 
REVIEW DM See ad PCV REL Saket duel Mina Woes letun ryt Ware, (eek teenie 

SUPPLEMENT. | 
The British Noctuae cri their Varieties, Hye Si Pure; FE: R. E.S., 2 
F.R.H.S. ma Has a siete ap te ene nee ~ (441)-(144) 


SE oe tes SES Rie EE cy Ea EE SS we EE ae 
Subscription for Complete Volume, post free, 
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oo 


om 27 1944 i oy ; ; 
tig RAR 


NEW SUBSPECIES AND ABERRATOINS OF ‘BRITISH MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 53 


NEW SUBSPECIES AND ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH 
MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 


\9%29 By EL A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.B.E.S. 


Cerura bicuspis, Borkh., ab. insignis. 

The dark median band is absent, but the thin black ante- and post- 
median lines, which demarcate the median area, are present. The sub- 
apical latch, is very pale grey. » 

Type: Male. Tilgate Forest, Sussex. Bred vi.1936 by W. H. Head, 
ex J. Hope coll. There is a figure of this beautiful aberration in Bar- 
rett’s British Lepidoptera, vol. iii, pl. 101, fig. 1. It came from © 
Tilgate Forest, and was in the collection of A. Robinson. 


Pterostoma palpina, L., ab. fasciata. 


The postmedian line on the forewing forms a dark brown fascia; 
the basal and median parts. of the hindwings are much darker than 
usual, but there is a pale marginal band, broad and: well defined, where 
the wing in a normal moth is darkest. On the underside of both wings 
the basal and median parts are unusually dark and the marginal area 
is light coloured. 

Type: Male. Locality unknown. Ex Stevens, Vauncey Harpur 
Crewe, and Gilles collections. 


Clostera yigra, ab. alba. 


The wings, thorax, abdomen, and all other parts are white and with- 
out markings. 

Type: Female. Lotality unknown. Bred by William Dawes, ex 
Horne coll. 


Tethea (Palimpsestis) ocularis, L., ab. fusca. 

The forewings, hindwings, and thorax are much darker and more 
fuscous than those of the typical form and lack the pinkish hue; the 
darker colour makes the reniform and orbicular stigmata and the pale 
band on the hindwings more conspicuous. 

Type: Male. Tooting, London, S.W. Bred 26.iv.1932, E. A. Cock- 
-ayne. This appears to be the only form found in the London area, but 
‘T have not seen it from other parts of England or from the Continent. | 


’ 


Eriogaster lanestris, L., ab. obsoleta. 

On the forewings the postmedian line is faintly visible near the 
costa, but even here it! is narrow and pale reddish brown; elsewhere it 
is absent. At the base the usual white mark is only indicated by a 
few pale reddish-brown scales. The hindwing is concolorous. 

Type: Female. Oxford, N. P. Fox. : 

. This corresponds with ab. obsoleta, Tutt, in Lasiocampa quercus and 
Ley Oe trifolii. 


Amathes zanthographa, F., ab. alba. 


‘The forewings, ae thorax, Haron, and all other parts are 
white and without markings. 
Type: Male. Bedford Purlieus, 8.viii. 1902, ex Vipan coll. 


54 ENTOMQLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1944 


Lampra fimbriata, Schreb. (Triphaena fimbria, L.), ab. inornata. 


The forewings vary from ochreous brown: to dull reddish brown in 
colour. The dark markings are indistinct and the usual pale lines are 
almost as dark as the ground colour, so that the wings appear to be 
nearly unicolorous. 

Type: Male. Wimbledon. Bred 1898 by E. H. Taylor. G 

Parutypes: Three males and a female with the same data and a male. 
Monks Wood, Hunts, 4.vi1.1905. 


Mamestra brassicae, L., ab. concolor. 


On the forewing the usual dark markings are present, but the sub- 
terminal line, the reniform stigma and the lne around it, and all the 
paler areas present in a normal moth are brown like the ground colour. 
The basal part of the hindwing is darker than usual and the white 
mark at the anal angle is absent. The brown has a slight coppery gloss. 

Type: Male. Burnley, 1921, W. G. .Clutten. 

Allotype: Femaie. Clapham, London, S.W., A. T. Stiff. Gregson 
says he has a similar specimen (Entomologist, 1868-69, 4, 52) and there 
is another in the Rothschild collection at Tring. The form is different 
from ab. scotochroma, Rover (Iris, 1884, 1, 340, pl. 18), which has a 
thin white subterminal line and white scales at the reniform and from 
ab. unicolor, Tutt, which is black with a white reniform. 


Hadena thalassina, Rott., ab. pallida. 


The usual blackish brown markings of the forewings are pale brown 
and thorax, hindwings and abdomen are much paler than usual. This 
gives it a unicolorous appearance. 


Type: Female. Leigh, Surrey, 18.vi.1912, A. T. Stiff. 


Hadena (Dianthoecia) cucubali, Fuessl., ab. pailida. 


All the dark markings cf the forewings are replaced by markings of a 
soft light brown colour, but a pink flush is present. The hindwings and 
abdomen are very pale brown, and the thorax is almost white. 

Type: Male. Ennistillen, Fermanagh, Ireland, 2.v1.1896, ex C. F. 
Johnson coll. This lovely aberration is in perfect condition and was pro- 
bably bred. 


Heliophobus saponariae, Esp. (reticulata, Vill.) ssp. marginosa, Haw. 


English specimens vary very little, but the ground colour of both 
forewings and hindwings is straw-coloured and the markings have a 
yellowish tint. They are easily distinguishable from any other Euro- 
pean or from Asiatic specimens, all of which are fuscous with a white 
or pinkish ground colour. Haworth (Lep. Brit., 1809, 195, No. 101) 
named the species marginosa from two Yorkshire examples, and though 
his description is inadequate it must refer to the English form. Tutt 
in his British Noctuae makes a passing reference to margimosa, but 
does not appear to have noticed the constant difference between the 
English and all other forms. Marginosa seems to me to be a good, sub- 
species. Ls 


NEW SUBSPECIES AND ABERRATOINS OF BRITISH MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 55 


Heliophobus sapenariae, Esp., ssp. hibernica. 
This is rather smaller than the typical form, but has the same fuscous 
markings, though of a darker shade. The ground colour is pink. 
Type: Male. Co. Cork, Ireland, vi.1914. Bred by L. W. Newman. 
Allotype: Female. Co. Cork, 4.vi.1915. Bred by L. W. Newman. 
These Irish specimens are as dark as those from Uralsk, but have a 
beautiful pink ground instead of a white one. Very rarely Continental 
specimens have as pink a ground, but it appears to be present in all 
specimens from Cork and Waterford. 


Celaena leucostigma ssp. scotica. 

Smaller and darker than the typical form, which occurs on the Con- 
tinent and in England. The length of the forewing is 15 mm. com- 
pared with 17 mm., which is the average length) in English specimens. 

Type: Male. Rannoch, Perthshire, 14.viii.1939, E. A. Cockayne. 

Allotype: Female. Rannoch, 13.viii.1939. 

In this species there are three forms: the plain form, leuwcostigma, 
Hb.; the intermediate form, lunina, Haw. = intermedia, Tutt; and the 
variegated form with strongly contrasting light and dark markings, 
fibrosa, Hb. All three forms occur in ssp. scotica, but in lunina the 
markings are much darker, and in fibrosa not only are the markings 
darker and more distinct, but the lght areas are paler. Different 
shades of ground colour also occur, but they are darker than the cor- 
responding shades in English and Continental examples, and the reni- 
form stigma may be either ochreous or white. Some Irish specimens 
are as dark and rich in colour as scotica, but they are as large as typical 
ones. Huebner’s figure of fibrosa is very brilliantly coloured and there 
can be little doubt that the red is much too bright. It probably repre- 
sents the variegated form with a bright red-brown ground. Tutt uses 
the name fibrosa for any variegated form, whatever its ground colour, 
and this seems to me to be a correct course to adopt. It is certainly 
not synonymous with ssp. scotica, though it is often used incorrectly 
for all Scottish specimens. The ssp. scotica is widely distributed, but 
local, and is said to occur as far north as the Shetlands. There is no 
Cladium, or other sedge, and no Jris in many places where it is found, 
but the larger rushes are plentiful. I thought these were the probable 
food-plant, but Major Mackworth Praed has seen ¢emales ovipositing 
on blue grass, Molinia coerulea, in Argyllshire, which is strong evidence 
that this is the usual food-plant. 


Leucania impura, Hb., ssp. scotica. 

Shghtly smaller and as a rule without the red tint so common in 
English specimens. The hindwings are uniformly black, and this colour 
extends to the inner margin and termen. 

Type: Male. Rannoch, Perthshire, 1.viii.1938, E. A. Cockayne. 

Allotype: Female. Kinlochewe, Ross-shire, 2.viii.1937. 

Tutt points out the difference between English and Scottish examples 
in his British Noctwae, but for some reason did not name the latter. 
The typical form has even lighter hindwings than the English form, ab. 

- fuligosina, Haw., and the difference between al row of fuligosina and 
scotica placed side by side is most striking. 


56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. - 15/V/1944 


Leucania strammea, Tr., ab. ferrago. 
Head, thorax, and forewings unicolorous dark reddish brown; hind- 
Wings a paler shade of the same colour. 
Type: Female. Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, vi.1913, R. Tait. 
The colour is very similar to that of a bred specimen of one of{ the 
darker reddish brown forms of Leucania lithargyria, ab. ferrago, F., 
or L. albipuncta. : 


Panemeria tenebrata, Scop., ab. nigrescens. 
The yellow colour of the hindwings is replaced by blackish brown. 
Type: Male. Chelmsford, Essex, vi.1898, P. W. Abbott, ex Vipan 
coll, 


SALE OF THE COLLECTION OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA FORMED 
BY THE LATE SIR BECKWITH WHITEHOUSE. 


A third portion of the above collection was sold on the 21st and 22nd 
of February last at Messrs Glendining’s Auction Rooms in Argyle Street, 
London. On this occasion the butterflies consisted chiefly of duplicates 
and minor forms and aberrations, and the following lots are selected as 
worthy of mention: 

Euchloé cardamines, L.—A yellow-tipped ¢, ab. lutescens, £7 10]-. 
Colias croceus, Fourcy.—A purple-flushed 9, £2 4/-. There was very 
little purple apparent on this insect and the description was flattering. 
Apatura iris, L.—A ¢ ab. iole in bred condition, £6 15/-. Inmenitis 
camilla, L.—An ab. nigrina in bred condition, £2 2/-, was a decided 
bargain for the buyer. Another good example, £1 12/-. Aglais urticae, 
L.—An ab. nigrocaria with black hindwings, in bred condition, ex-Crab- 
tree coll., £7 2/6. A form of same on pale ground colour, £2 12/6. A 
good example of ab. nigrocaria, £2 14/-, and a somewhat similar speci- 
men, £2 2/-. An aberration a same with enlarged mauve lunules, £3 
15/-. Argynms cydippe, L.—An underside aberration almost devoitt of 
silver spots on hindwings and black blotched on forewings, £7 5/-.. Ar- 
gynnis selene, Schiff.—A silvery underside, W. Penn, Sussex, £4. A Q- 
blotched with black, A. Ford, New Forest, 1935, ex Bright coll., £2 15/-. 
Maniola jurtina, L.—An albino ¢ in fine condition, Warminster, ex 
Bright coll., £3 10/-. A golden 3, Royston, 1923, Oliver, £5. An albino - 
2, not perfect, 28/-. Chrysophanus (Lycaena) dispar, Haw.—A large 3 
in fine condition, ex Bond coll., £5 5/-. Polyommatus icarus, Rott.—A 
perfect gynandromorph equally divided in sexes, Co. Mayo, G. B. Hodg- 
son, 1926, £5 10/-. | Pet 

The collection of insects realized roughly £243. Two 20-drawer cabi- 
nets of oak, with glass tops and bottoms to drawers, realized £26 and 
£28 respectively, and a 40-drawer standard Brady cabinet, £40, bringing 
the total of the first day’s sale to roughly £336. Generally prices rea- 
lized throughout were more reasonable than on former occasions, and 
more in accordance with the pre-war standard. 

At the second day’s sale the Heterocera were sold and the media 
included many rare and striking aberrations: The following lots are 
selected for reference: Rhodometra sacraria.—A 9 ‘with pink suffusion, 
£6 15/-. Pairs of bred Catocala frazini, £4 to £5 each, Catephia 


PARNASSIUS APOLLO, RACE KOSSWIGI, DE LATTIN, 57 


alchymista, F. H. Lees, Dungeness, 1934, £21. Chariclea delphinu, £4 
15/-. Acontia albicollis—Two specimens, £2 17/6 and £3. Catocala 
nupta, with chocolate hindwings, £5 10/-. Endromis versicolora, ab. 
lapponaria.—Two pairs, £4 10/- and £5. Two specimens of lunaris, 
£2 16/- and £5 15/-. Two specimens of peregrina, £4 5/- and £2 15/-. 
Two specimens of Aplasta ononaria, 34/-, 55/-. Some 46 lots of Abrazas 
grossulariata were included in the sale and realized a total of £94 odd, 
from 10/- to 65/- each. A form with white margins around wings, £8 
15/-. A form with black borders, £5. The total sum realized by the 
moths in the second day’s sale was roughly £243. 


COLLECTION FORMED BY MAJOR BRIAN ARMSTRONG. 


Except for a few special items the collection consisted chiefly of typi- 
cal insects, but a specimen of Heodes (Lycaena) phlaeas, L., with ex- 
tended black bands realized, £5 5/-, and an example of Cosmolyce boeti- 
cus, 3, taken at Ditchling in October 1934, realized the good price of 
£7 15/-. Three 10-drawer American whitewood cabinets with mahogany 
facings fetched £10 10/-, £11, and £11 10/-, and a 50-drawer mahogany 
cabinet, £24.. The insects brought £35, and the cabinets £57. A copy 
of Barrett’s Lepidoptera in 11 volumes was sold for £16 10/-, which is 
about the average value of the work second-hand. 


PARNASSIUS APOLLO, RACE KOSSWIGI, DE LATTIN. 
By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 41.) 


A.large number of apollo races are already known from the Asia 
Minor peninsula, but until now they all remained in the central and 
east Anatolian district, confined by its higher mountain tops and the 
Armenian plateaux; in. the west, on the other hand, the species is not 
apparent. The accompanying map shows this distribution. Then a 
short time ago I received, through the kindnéss of Prof. Dr C. Kosswig, 
of Istanbul, a ¢ and @ of a race of apollo which flies at about 2500 m. 
on Uludagh in N.W. Anatolia. When, as the result of further cap- 
tures, this race could be confirmed, a description of this subspecies was 
drawn up, although the recently collected material will only bs avail- 
able-at the end of the war. 

Types: 1 ¢, 1 @ from Uludagh (Kesis, mysischer Olympus), south- 
east Brussa, at about 2200 m. on the s.w. side; end July 1938; collected 
Kosswig, in coll. de Lattin. 

Kosswigi differs also very definitels from the Anatolian race group. 
of peroneurus, Bryk, by its smaller size, the much smaller forewing 
spots and ocelli, as well as by the fainter and. shorter edges to the 
bands on the forewings, and these are completely absent on the hind- 
Wing; it is nearest in the group to peroneurus itself, which, however, 
is sufficiently different. There is a greater likeness between the new 
race and the Balkan libernicus, Reb. & Rehfr., group, especially with 
its most southerly Greek representative, subsp. grajus, Stich., one can 
establish very-marked agreement, for it differs from this only in very 
slight characteristics, such as stronger ocelli edges and pupils, missing 


58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1944 


submarginals on the hindwing, strong anal spots. It would be best to 
bring it into this group. | 

From the zoo-geographical point of view the discovery of this race 
is of importance in two respects. Firstly as a result of it there is the 
connection between the—until now—widely-separated districts of the 
Anatolian peroneurus and the Balkan libernicus group, which is of con- 
siderable value in explaining the connection. On the basis of this dis- 
covery we can expect to find apollo on other high mountains (i.e., on 
Bosz dagh); especially as it has been established that this race has a 
relatively late flying time, namely, from the end of July to the be 
ginning of September, which may easily lead to the species being over- 
looked, so that even such a successful collector as Mann never found it 
on his many trips to these mountains. 

Far more startling, however, is the fact that the new race does not 
belong, as one might expect, to the An&tolian race group, but quite 
definitely shows a close affinity with the Greek race. Although we know 
a large number of species with Greek-Anatolian distribution, which are 
not found in northern Thrace, and so point to an older close connection 
in the fauna, nevertheless it must be rare for such a relationship to ke 
shown through races of a species, which are in general a lot younger 
taxonomically. From this point of view the discovery of the new 
Uludagh race may also lead a little to the clarification of the zoo-geogra- 
phical connection with the eastern Mediterranean region. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Correction.—In the April number the author’s addition to his note 
on Sypthyma fixa on p. 50 (line 1), ‘‘ This little Noctuid . . . idea cf its 
appearance ”’ (line 4) should have been placed in the make up —after 
‘ accidentally ’’ on (line 12) Metilectra quadrisignata. 


Som Furtruer Notes oN TurKIsH BurTerFLiEs sENT BY Dr Burr.— 
A further consignment of butterflies from Turkey reached me some little 
time ago, but I have only just been able to finish examining them. They 
had unfortunately travelled badly, and though some of the larger ones 
arrived in good condition, hardly any of the smaller ones were available 
as specimens, though most of them were. quite recognizable. Of those 
from the immediate neighbourhood of Constantinople there is little fresh 
to be said. The allionia form of H. statilinus is evidently common on 
both sides of the Bosphorus as also appears to be the case with EF. alceae, 
A. linea (flava) and P. icarus; the 9s of the latter are generally brown, 
but one is blue to the border; they vary greatly in size. All the speci- 
mens of H. admetus which were sent were of the ripartit form. The 
Qs of L. argiolus (2nd brood) have broad black borders, almost:as broad 
as those from Cyprus. 

Far the most interesting are the specimens from the Asiatic Mt. 
Olympus, especially those of P. apollo, r. kosswigi, first described in 
1941. The race does not appear to be very distinctive though more so 
than some of the named forms. It is rather smaller than the average, 
with white ground colour, the ¢ with small red spots and scarcely marked 


% 
\ 


COLLECTING NOTES. 59 


towards the border, with no red spots at the anal angle of the hindwing. 
The Qs considerably darker with large spots both red and black. One 
is definitely an aberration reminding one of the nigrescens form of 9 
P. delius; it has very large spots near the border of the hindwing and 
two red spots at the anal angle; the border of the forewing is also dark 
and there is a good deal of dark dusting over the disc. On the underside 
both sexes have 2nd spots at the anal angle. There is a fine A. aglaia 
(in excellent condition) and a rather large M. didyma. Two ‘“ blues ”’ 
I have as yet had no means of determining. One is probably either P. 
hopffert or P. poseidon judging from Miss Fountaine’s account of Asia 
Minor blues; of the other I can make no suggestion.—GEoRGE WHEELER. 


Micn Eatinc Morus.—With further reference to recent notes by S. 
G. C. Russell (December 1943) and H. Donisthorpe (February 1944), mice 
in our laboratory have been found to eat the bodies of the moth Ephestia 
sericarium, Scott (=kuwehniella, Zell.). 

For rearing purposes moths of this species were kept in glass jars 
33 inches deep with flour at the bottom. The mouth of each jar was 
covered with gauze and a hole in the centre of the gauze was plugged 
with cotton wool. The jars had been set up for several days when it was 
noticed one morning that the cotton wool plugs had been removed and 
the flour disturbed. In one particular jar it was found that only the 
wings of moths were left. The jar contained both live and dead moths, 
and as the live specimens could escape it is impossible to say whether 
the mice did eat live moths or only dead ones. 

O. W. Richards and W. S. Thomson (Trans. Ent. Soc. Loot: Ixxx, 
31/12/32) recorded that mice were found to be a serious nuisance when 
conducting, under laboratory conditions, their researches on this moth. 
They also note another record made by Johnson (1895), that a house 
mouse ate 254 pupae of EH. sericariuwm in one night.—Marecaret C. Mat- 
cotm, Natural History Dept., University College, Dundee. 


Norrs From THE NortH oF J[RELAND, 1943.—After an exceptional, 
mild winter the season opened very early with Nymphalis 10 on 3rd Feb- 
ruary. Colostygia multistrigaria was on the wing in numbers after dusk 
on 20th February; the following day larvae of Huphydryas aurima were 
on the move and basking in the sunshine outside their winter webs. 

Towards the end of the month, when moving a stack of peats, which 
had stood out on the bog all winter, swarms of Lepidoptera were dis- 
turbed from their hiding places among the dry peat, the most abundant 
being Agonopteriz ocellana and A. conterminella with an occasional A. 
assimilella and several Chloroclysta miata. 

Aylocampa areola was found at rest on a gate post on 18th March. 
The nights were very cold, when the sallows were in bloom and very 
few moths were attracted; a few Orthosia munda and OQ. gracilis being 
about the best. Gymnoscelis pwmilata, a rare insect here, appeared on 
22nd April and on the same date the first Pieris brassicae male was ob- 
served. 

During the early part of May the weather was cold and unseasonable 
with ground frosts at night. 

On the 7th Hydriomena ruberata was out among sallows, and Bapta 
temerata was beaten out of Blackthorn; Pararge megera and Thecla rubi 
appeared together on the 17th; on the same day a female Cycnia mendica 


60 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V /1944 


race rustica with the eee marked with black streaks emerged from 
a local pupa. 

On the 20th Chiasmia clathrata and Callimorpha jacobaeae were dis- 
turbed in a meadow, and a large female Macrothylacia rubi was found 
at rest in the esses and Dyscia fagaria flying among swarms of Ema- 
turga (Cepphis) atomaria. 

24th May produced Eucosma swbocellana flying in the savadain sun 
among sallows, and EH. tetraquetrana around the birches; in the evening 
a male Biston betularia was found at rest in a patch of sedges growing 
beneath a large sallow bush, and Thyatira batis was netted at dusk; a 
very early date for this district. 

Eulia ministrana was beaten out of birch on the 29th, the same day 
Heodes (Lycaena) phlaeas was observed and Ligdia adustata, B. temer- 
ata, and Apamea rurea were netted at dusk. . 

A single Vanessa cardui appeared on the eondariel on the 30th. 

On Ist June Hadena cucubalti and H. bicruris occurred after dusk 
over silene. 

- The first H. aurinia was flying on a railway bank on 6th June, and 
Chlidoma baumanmana was disturbed from among the scabious in some 
numbers; Ortholitha wmbrifera was beaten out of Gorse. On the 8th 
Procris statices was flying in numbers in a marshy meadow, and EHrastria 
-uncula was not uncommon among the sedges.—(To be continued.)— 
THOMAS GREER. 


Earty APPEARANCE OF HEMARIS TITYUS, L. (bombyliformis, Esp.).—On 
30th April I caught a worn and faded specimen of this moth while il was 
flying at an early blossom of Lathyrus montanus, Bernh., the only cther 
plants in bloom at the spot being Primrose and Fragaria vesca, L. Last 
year this moth first appeared on 19th May. The present season is by no 
means an ‘‘ early’ one in this district, and the Bluebells (Scilla. non- 
scripta, Hoffm. & Link) are only just coming into bloom in sheltered 
spots. The first A. cardamines, L., was seen on 26th April (last year, 3rd 
April).—P. B. M. Attan, Newtown, Montgomeryshire. 


FoopPLaNTs OF VANESSA CARDUI, L.—With reference to Prof. J. W. 
Heslop Harrison’s note at page 25, for some years I have kept a record 
of the foodplants of British Macro-Lepidoptera as noted in the entomo- 
logical journals. The following plants appear in my list as affording 
nourishment to V. cardui in the wild, and quite possibly I have over- 
looked other ‘‘ mentions ’’ :—Carduus arvensis, Robs., C. lanceolatus, 
L., C. nutans, L., C. crispus, L., Onopordon acanthium, L., Arctium 
minus, Bernh., Echium vulgare, L., Malva sylvestris, L., Filago ger- 
manica, L., Urtica dioica, L., and Phaseolus coccineus (Scarlet Runner 
Bean). Prof. Heslop Harrison’s record of this species ovipositing on 
Carlina vulgaris, L., is therefore—so far as J am aware—a new one. It 
is possible that these larvae could be reared on any British species of 
Carduus (in which I include Cirsiwm (Cnicus), my nomenclature being 
that given by B. & H. seventh ed.) and indeed on the other three genera 
of the tribe Cynareae, namely Serratula, Saussurea, and Centaurea. 
Perhaps some of your readers who have the opportunity will put this 
to the proof during the coming season. It may be that this globe-trotting 
butterfly has an even wider range of foodplants in Great Britain than is 
suspected.—P. B. M. ALuan. 7 <A 


CURRENT NOTES. 61 


Sprinc Notes, 1044: Harty APPEARANCE OF CoLiAs crocEeus, Fourcy. 
—IJn this district after a very cold November and December we had a 
very wet January followed by an abnormally dry and sunny February, 
_ during which only eight wet days occurred and there were 96 hours of 
sunshine (11 hours above the average. March continued cold and dry 
until the 12th, when a real summer day intervened followed by a wet 
day on the 14th. The rest of the month continued cold and sunny and 
with all vegetation very backward. Sallow commenced to blossom on 
the 25th. On Ist April a wet day occurred, the first for five weeks, and 
the two following days were wet since when to date, May the Ist, there 
has-been continual sunshine: In spite of all this fine weather the usual 
hibernating butterflies have been nearly a month later than last season. 
Last year all the hibernators were on the wing by 10th March. This 
season all the Vanessas are very scarce up to the present. The continual 
sunshine has hastened the day feeding larvae of Brenthis (Argynnis) 
euphrosyne, and on the 27th April I saw several on a sheltered railway 
bank here together with several Euchloé cardamines, L. On this same 
bank to day, Ist May, I saw half-a-dozen B. (A.) ewphrosyne, L., several 
Pararge megera, L., several skippers, one Lycaenopsis argiolus, and to 
my surprise a male Colias croceus, Fourcy. He was weak on the wing, 
and possibly had only just arrived. This is the earliest date I have ever 
seen this species in this country and it’s appearance may foretell a 
‘‘ croceus year.’’ As yet there is no sign of B. (Argynnis) euphrosyne, in 
the usual woodland haunts. Polygonia c-album, L., is decidedly scarce 
this spring as is Aglais urticae. Nymphalis io, L., is out in good num- 
bers and Pararge aegeria very plentiful. I have seen two L. argiolus 
for the first time in this locality. Gonepterix rhamni, L., is also in evi- 
dence.—S. G. Castim Russetx, Springetts, Highcliffe-on-Sea. 


CURRENT NOTES. 


THE Insect Immigration Committee of the S.E. Union of Scientific 
Societies are anxious to trace the swarms of insects recorded as arriv- 
ing in the British Isles to their source. Foodplants of the larvae of 
these insects, dates of emergence, incidents of the mass assembly, direc- 
tion of final movement, and estimate of the number of individuals. 
Place of rest on the passage to Britain, the direction of the wind, and 
climatic notes are important. With British observers in many places 
in the Mediterranean area,*there must be numerous trained observers 
of nature. Will they help! 

Lonvon entomologists are now able to collect regularly only nearer 
home, with the result that L. camtila, A. adippe, A. iris, V. comma, 
quercifolia, etc., have been taken at near London localities where no 
record was known in olden times. Many years ago, when a boy, the 
- larvae of Arctia caja was to be found in practically every garden. Now 
one rarely or never hears of its occurring. It is well worth breeding 

time after time. Those who have visited the S. London Society’s Exhi- 
 bitions must well know what wonderful specimens are at times obtained 
by careful crossing and breeding. . Even more than 150 years ago won- 


62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. _ | 15/V /1944 


derful forms were obtained as are shown on the plates in Ernst and 
Engramelle’s Papillons d’Europe, 1780-90. But we do want all the 
data of the crossing and breeding which those who have carried on 
experiments with caja and grossulariata have never kept. 


THE Ent. ehiuare (Philadelphia) for last December gave an interesting 
account of a ‘‘ Neon-sign Dance of the Waterboatman (Tricocoriza verti- 
calis, Fieb.) (Hemiptera).’’ The sign was attached to a drug shop at 
Tiptonville, Tenneesee, about ten feet from the ground and a “ ball ”’ 
of these insects was in constant motion in front of the red and blue 
letters. The mass kept together for several minutes; then they moved 
away below the sign. The mass became less dense when out of the glare 
of the light. In a few minutes they came back and again formed a dense 
mass and danced as before. This occurred again and again. The 
observer wished to know the cause of this curious habit. It did not 
seem to be mating. Was it insects only enjoying life to the utmost? 


Dr Bryan P. Berrne, M.A., M.Sc., etc., of Trinity College, Dublin, 
lhas communicated to the Irish. Nat..Jr., March 1944, the results of his | 
observations on the curious distribution of the Maritime Lepidoptera 
around the large inland lake, Lough Neagh. The species concerned are 
Agrotis vestigialis, A. tritici, Procus literosa, Euxoa migricans, 
Epirrhoé galata, and Stilbia anomala. All these species occur at many 
places on the sea coast, N., E. and §.E. The author’s remarks are well 

emphazised by 6 diagrams showing the position of the habitats of these 
species both on the sea coast and the lake coast. Not one species is 
found on the N.E. and S. but all at localities on or near the west coast 
of the Lough. After considerable study Dr Beirne sums up as follows: 
‘“ From a study of their distribution and habits it is concluded that — 
they arrived in the country during the late-glacial Zone II period, were 
restricted to the coasts by the more severe climate of the Valley Glacia- 
tion (Zone [ITI) period, and migrated into the Lough Neagh area along 
a direct connection between Lough Neagh and the sea, probably along 
the present course of the Lower Bann, in the early post-glacial. Judg- 
ing from their distribution the maximum of the Antrim Coastal Re- 
advance preceded the Zone ITI period, but it is possible that the eastern 
coast of Antrim was ice-covered during the Zone III period.’’? Such 
studies are of the greatest interest to all those entomologists who have 
got beyond the phase of merely making a collection. 


Races sNnD Surspectrs.—In the Entomologist’ s Record. for April 
(antea p. 52) the statement cccurs: ‘‘ Races are not subspecies.’’ This, 
however, depends on the individual point cf view taken hy the writer, 
whether he be a Lepidopterist, Hymenopterist, or Coleopterist. 

In a paper on the subspecies and aberrations of our eleven-spot. Lady- 
bird [Ent. Rec., 30, 28 (1918)] I quoted some. remarks published 
by the late Lord Rothschild in a paper read before the R. Ent. 
Soc. of London on 6th February 1918 which may, with advantage, be 
repeated here: ‘‘ Nomenclature was invented to enable people at a 
distance and also when in: company to discuss the objects of their 
mutual study in the easiest. and shortest manner possible. Now 
Linnaeus, the father of our zoological namenclature, established the. 


REVIEW. 63 


categories of genus and species and used the word varietas to denote 
local or geographical race . . . but later authors used the word varietas 
te denote both local race and individual variation, so the bulk of modern 
zoologists have abandoned the use of the word varietas altogether. They 
substitute for it the words subspecies, denoting local or geographical 
race, and aberration, denoting an individual variation...’ In the 
Formicidae we do not use the word aberration, but variety. A sub-— 
species, however, is a local or geographical race—Forel’s ‘‘ race ’’ and 
Santschi’s “ stirp.’’ 

The modern tendency among entomologists in general seems to be 
to use subspecies for a local or geographical race, or species in the 
making, and aberration for a sporadic variety that may occur any- 
where with the normal form.—Horace DonistHoRPE, Entomological De- 
partment, British Museum (Nat, Hist.), 26.iv.44. . 


REVIEW. 


An Important Step Forwarp IN Formicip NoMeEenciature. By B. D. 
Wracce Mortey, B.A., F.L.S. 


The recent publication of Donisthorpe’s ‘‘ List of the Type-Species 
of the Genera and Sub-genera of the Formicidae ’”’ in the Annals and 
Magazine of Natural History (Ser. II, Vol. x, pp. 617-648, 649-688, and 
721-737, 1943) is an event of considerable importance to myrmecologists. 
_ The Formicidae to-day number some five thousand described species, 
which are distributed amongst rather less than four hundred genera and 
fourscore tribes belonging to eight sub-families; yet, as Donisthorpe 
points out in the foreword to his paper, only three -previous attempts 
have been made to describe the framework on which this mass of taxono- 
mic data rests. 

In 1911 and again in 1913, Wheeler, then not so well-versed in ant 
nomenclature, published lists of the genera and their types, but these 
were unfortunately both incomplete and inaccurate. 

Emery in the ‘‘ Genera Insectorum ’’ (1910, Dorylinae ; 1911, Poner- 
mae; 1912, Dolichoderinae ; 1922, Myrmicinae; and 1925, Formicinae), 
also lists types for the genera and sub-genera, but again there is much 
inaccuracy. 2 | 

The value of Emery’s work in the “ Genera Insectorum ’’ is also 
lessened by its incompleteness; the use of an already abandoned scheme 
of classification, dividing the Formicidae into five sub-families instead 
of the modern eight (Dorylinae, Leach; Ponerinae, Mayr; Cerapachy- 
nae, Wheeler ; Leptanillinae, (Emery) Wheeler ; Myrmicinae, Lepeletier ; 
Pseudomyrminae, (Emery) Wheeler; Dolichoderinae, Forel; and For- 
micinae, Forel); and not least. of all its inaccessibility. — 

Donisthorpe’s list is therefore the first complete (as far as is known) 
and authoritative list of the genera and sub-genera with their types to be 
published. Not only are the genera themselves listed, but the tribes 
and sub-families to which they belong are cited. 

Four hundred and fifteen) genera and two hundred and fifty-two sub- 


-- genera are listed, of which forty-seven genera and twenty-one sub-genera 


are cited as synonyms, giving a total of three hundred and sixty-three 


64 . ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/ V / 1944 


genera and two hundred and thirty-one sub-genera as against the two 
hundred and sixty genera and two hundred and thirteen sub-genera 
mentioned by Emery in the ‘‘ Genera Insectorum.’’ 

The citing of the tribes and sub-families will no doubt give rise to — 
much criticism and argument, since, owing to the nature of the paper - 
no explanation or baulking of a decision was possible, and there are in 
the Formicidae, as in all groups, many doubtful cases—genera’ which 
may be placed in one tribe or another and even tribes which may be 
placed in one sub-family or another. . 

The tribes Acanthostichini, Emery, and Cylindromyrmicini, Emery, 
are a case in point. Emery in the ‘‘ Genera Insectorum ’’ places both 
tribes together with the Cerapachyint, Forel, in the section Prodorylinae, 
Emery (later to become the sub-family Cerapachyinae, (Emery) Wheeler) ; 
Wheeler (“ Key to the Genera and Sub-genera of Ants,’’.Bull. American 
Mus. Nat. Hist., xlv, 631-710; 1922) places the Acanthostichini together 
with the Cerapachyini in the Cerapachyinae, relegating the Cylindro- 
myrmicint to the Ponerinae. Now Donisthorpe places the Cylindromyr- 
micini in the Cerapachyiinae with the Cerapachyini, relegating the Acan- 
thostichim to the Ponerinae ! 

Yet Donisthorpe is to be congratulated on the boldness of his decision 
to include this extra information, for there is no student of myrmecology 
to-day better fitted to undertake such a task, and there can be no doubt 
that despite the uncertainties, which it must gloss over, this action adds 
greatly to the value of the list. 

Much of the synonomy is interesting. For example Sima, Reset 
is sunk as a synonym of Tetraponera, Smith, and Pachysima, Emery, 
formerly a subgenus of Sima, is raised to generic status. Lasius, Fabri- 
clus, also sinks on account of Jurine’s earlier name, Acanthomyops tak- 
ing its place. This is in accordance with the arrangement used in Donis- 
thorpe’s ‘‘ British Ants,’’ but unfortunately the Royal Entomological So- 
ciety retained the use of Lasius in their Check List of the British Hymen- . 
optera, thus prolonging the life of this incorrect name. Ruzsby’s subgenus 
Lasvus also sinks to Morrice and Durrant’s Donisthorpea, while Acan- 
thomyopsini is substituted for Emery’s Lasiini (‘‘ Gen. Ins.’’). The 
mis-spelling of Crematogaster, Lund, by Wheeler (‘‘ Ants,’’ 1910), Forel 
(‘The Social World of the Ants,’’ London, 1927), and Donisthorpe 
(‘* British Ants,’’ 1927) is corrected, (to Cremastogaster) having been 
omitted. Emery’s (‘‘ Gen. Ins.’’) mis-spelling of Chtonolasius, Ruzsby, 
copied by Donisthorpe (‘‘ British Ants,’’ 1927) is also corrected. | 

Nomenclature should be an aid to, the zoologist; a mechanism en- 
abling him to handle simply and accurately the data apertaining to his 
subject, not a riddle and cause of extra work and mis-understanding. 
Thus the taxonomy of a group should be well ordered, Se ene 
and easily accessible. 

Donisthorpe’s List is of great value in’ clarifying ane making access- 
ible the framework of the taxonomy of this difficult and heterogeneous 
group of insects and is an important step forward in Formicid Nomen- 
clature. 


ee 


ow «Zeciegy 


¢ z 
JUN 27 1944 
L RY 
dase THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (141) 


Tutt dealt with (1) the typical form and (2) the ab. virgata, a banded 
form. 


f. runica, Schiff., Verz., 70, F. (1775). 

Orie. Derscrip.—‘‘ This greenish-white Noctua marked with black 
characters is very near N. aprilina.”’ LIlliger, Ausg. Verz., I, 192, dis- 
eussed the similarity of runica and orion and, the aprilina in the works 
of Linné (1801). 

Hb., Text, p. 179, in his note on fig. 71, said that his figure was the 
rumica, Schiff., and the aprilina, Esp., but not the aprilina, Linn. 

re The asees which still remains in the Linn. cabinet dispels all 
doubt.’’ Gn. quoted by Tutt = aprilina, L. 


ab. bouveti, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1905), 51 [Culot, NV. et G., 
EQ), 192 €918)]. 

Fie.—[Culot, plt. 35, 9]. 

Descriep.—‘ This curious form in which the black markings of the 
forewings are completely wanting came from Tarf (Algeria).’’ It is a 
very beautiful and delicate green of various shades. 


ab. viromelas, Slevogt., Soc. Ent., XXIII, 74 (1908). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ In Bathen, Kurland, ther flies a melanic form of 
Dichoma aprilina, in which by the eoneidsinle increase of the black 
markings the pale green ground colour of the forewings is very much 
curtailed. I think I should name this ab. viromelas.”’ ‘‘ Prof, Rebel, 
to whom [ sent a specimen of this form, thought it was identical with the 
virgata, Tutt.”’ 


f. cantha, Schwrd., Verh. Ges. Wien, LIX (327) (1909). 


Orie. Duscrip.—‘ The beautiful pale green colour has become bright 
yellow turned into brown colour in some places.’’ He named it zantha. 
Digne. 


ab. brunneomizta, Culot, N. et ae i (le ps, 192-Erors 

Fie.—l.c., plt. 35, 10. 

OrIG. ‘Deane. —‘* The green of the upper wings is replaced by 
brown.’’ He considered it a melanistic form. 


Ab. semivirgata ab. nov. 
Oric. Descrie.—The space between the median line, which crosses 
the forewing between the reniform and orbicular stigmata, is 
filled in with black, which either completely obliterates or obscures the 
orbicular. The rest of the wing is normal or more lightly marked than 
usual. The sharply demarcated narrow black band gives the insect an 
appearance very different from that of ab. virgata, Tutt—E. A. 
‘CocKAYNE. : 
Type. Female. Forres, Scotland. 1898. E. A. Cockayne coll. 
There is a similar specimen from Enniskillen in the Rothschild coll. 


Brotolomia, Led. (1857), Stdgr., Culot [Trigonophora, Hb. (1821), 
-Hamp., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.: Phlogophora, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Gn., 
Barr.: Hadena, Schrank (1802), Meyr., Meyr.: Solenophora, Dup. 
(1844), H.-S.], meticulosa, L. / 


(142) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Be bs /V/1944 


(1) The collective name Trigonophorae was used for the meticulosa 
Group by Schiff. in 1775 Verz. 

(2) Lederer, Noct., 115 (1857), points out that Solenophora was not 
valid in Lepidoptera as it had previously been used in Coleoptera in 
1832. 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., [11], 63 (1892): Meyr., Handbk., 127 (1895): Bar- 
rett, Lep. Br. Is., V, 55, plt. 190, 3 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., IlIed., 185 
(1901): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 211, plt. 41, 27 (1906): South, M.B.I., I, 
291, plt. 41, 7 (1907): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VII, 487, f. 96 (1908): Warr.- 
Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 190, plt. 44a (1911): Culot, N. et. G., I (1), 203, 
plt. 37, 9 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 80 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. 
Supp., III, 169 (1934). - 


Like many of Linné’s descriptions in the Systema, this one is very 
short and more or less unrecognizable but his reference to illustratious 
are adequate for determination. In the case of meticulosa he referred 
to Goedart, Reaumur, Merian, Albin, de Geer, and Wilkes for figures. 


Linn., Sys. Nat., 513 (1758), used the term ‘‘ incarnata ’’ in his de- 
scription, thus designating the red-marked form as the type. This is 
the rarer form in Britain. 

Hufn., Berl. Mag., III, p. 214 (1766), described the forewing as 
partly greenish, partly reddish, partly ochre-yellow, with a triangular 
blotch of copper-colour. The underside with white and reddish gloss. 

Schiff.. Verz. Noctuae, P. 1, 83 (1775) associated this species with 
satura, lucipara, serena, protea, etc., in Trigonophora (bearing on the 
forewing a triangular character). 

Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 110, f. 487c, d, e, f (1790), gave 
a life-history, references to no less than 32 (27 authors) works previously 
published and four quite good figures of the imago, all of them appreci- 
ably darker than our ordinary form. Only one figure has any green 
coloration and that is on the underside, although in the description of 
the upperside ‘‘ tant6t verd sombre tantét jaundtre ’’ is noted inside the 
fringe of the forewing and ‘“‘ un verd brun’’ generally for the triangular 
central area. The authors lay stress on the variation in colour, but not 
on other characters of the species. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 67 (1800-8), gave a good dark figure, and in his 
Text, p. 177, referred to the brownish, reddish and greenish marking, 
the olive-brown band, the yellowish lower wing, half with grey scaling. 

Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV, 220, plt. 112, 3 (17892+), gave a recognizable 
figure. His notes contain a large number of references and extracts 
from all the previous authors. 

Donovan, Nat. Hist. Brit. Ins., plt. 139 (1796), gave.an excellent 
figure of apparently a freshly mented specimen with the green flush. 
very well expressed. 

Haw., Lep. Brit., 244 (1809), described a red form. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 34, plt. 94, 3 (1826), gave a good figure with 
all the markings hea In his description he emphasized the green 
coloration somewhat, and compared the general coloration of meticulosa 
with that of the ‘‘ lime hawk.’’ ] 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 300 (1850), commented on the figure Hb. 67 
as too variegated. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (143) 


Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 65 (1852), gave the red form as his var. A. 

Barrett, l.c., plt. 190, gave two very good figures. 

Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 185 (1901). 

Hamp., Lep. Phal., VII, 487, fig. 96 (1908), did not mention the 
green-shaded form. 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 211, plt. 41, 27 (1906), gave a good figure of 
the typical red form and included f. pallida, Tutt, as the common form 
in England. 

South, M.B.I., I, 291, plt. 141, 7 (1907), gave a well-marked figure of 
- this species, but the exceedingly pretty colour is not in evidence. He em- 
phasized the fact that ‘‘ after death the olive-green fades and distinctly 
mars the effect.of the general colour scheme.’’ 


Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 190, plt. 44a (1911), gave three good 
figures: a typical dark reddish brown form (and noted Tutt’s pallida 
as the same, which it is not); and described and figured two new abs., 
suffusa and roseobrunnea, the former being the var. A. of Gn. 

Two figures on the same plate of the Japanese beatrix and its ab. 
caesia form seem to agree so closely that they, from the figures, should 
be representatives of the E. Asian race. They are considered by Warr.- 
Stz. to belong to another genus Chortapha, Moore, and with only the 
slightest of differentiation. 


Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 203, plt. 37, 9 (1913), gave a good figure of a 
form without the green flush and not as dark as most continental figures. 


Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 169, included two new forms, 
ignicula, Dnhl., from the Sabine Mts., Italy, and ab. minor, Cabeau, 
from Belgium, ‘‘ a superfluous denomination.”’ 


Variation as noted by C. G. Barrett: 


‘‘ Variable in the darker portions of the forewings from olive-green 
to red, but this is partially the result of a kind of fading, specimens 
which emerge with strong olive-green tints changing gradually to red- 
brown ; indeed this species, in this respect shows a wonderful parallelism 
with Smerinthus tiliae. Occasionally specimens occur with these darker 
portions of a rich glowing red. One such example is in the collection 
of Professor R. Meldola.’’ 


It appears that on the Continent as in Britain this species normally 
emerges with very beautiful combinations of green with various other 
colours, and that within a very short time the brilliancy of these colours 
fade, especially the green shades. Thus it appears that those authors 
who describe from specimens which have been cabinet specimens for 
even a short period omit mention of the green colour combinations. 
Still the depth and area of deeper colour tends to be emphasized on 
the Continent more than here. 


The Forms and Names to. be considered : 


meticulosa, LL. (1758), Sys. Nat., 513, No. 95. 

f. pallida, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 63. 

ab. suffusa, Warr.-Stz. (1911), Pal. Noct., 190. 
ab. roseobrunnea, Warr.-Stz. (1911), l.c. 

ab. minor, Cabeau (1925), Rev. Namur., XXV, 7. 
ab. ignicula, Duhl. (1926), Ent. Zt., X XIX, 168. 


(144) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1944 


- 


Tutt dealt with (1) the typical dark form common abroad and @) the 
form pallida, commoner in Britain. 


ab. suffusa, Warr-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 190 (1911) = var. A., Guen. 

Fig.—l.c., 44a. : 

OrIc¢. Bosera = The whole forewing is tinged with reddish, par- 
tially obscuring the usual olive-green tints. There is no ground what- 
ever for supposing aes the red-suffused form is the typical form of 
Tinné and Haworth.’ 


ab: roseobrunnea, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 190 (1911). 

Fig.—l.c., 44a. 
_ Orig. Diescrip.—‘‘ Has the central triangle rich red-brown tinged 
with fulvous, the whole wing reddish tinged, and the green shades all 
strongly mixed with reddish, the metathorax and dorsal tufts also being 
deep fulvous instead of green. Azores, etc. 


ab. minor, Cabeau, Rev. Mens., XXV, 7 (1925) 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ A ¢, 40 mm., captured at Theux, Belgium. 
Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 169, 34, considered this name super- 
fluous for a not even abnormally small specimen. 


‘ab. ignicula, Dnhl., Ent. Zt., oie 168 (1926). 

Orig. Descrirp.—‘‘ I possess a ie icalnee from Subiaco in the Sabine 
Mts., which in general approaches the roseobrunnea, Warr. There re- 
mains still some of the grey-green or green-olive tone. The ground col- 
our is somewhat of an orange-red. There is scarcely any of the olive 
green tone left (in the outer basal area), the markings, especially the 
discal triangles, are not appreciably darker. Yet it does not agree with 
the roseobrunnea from the Azores; it is not so extreme,’’ being much 
redder. 


ab. , Hoffm. & Klos., Schm. Sturm., III (1915), 97. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Klos bred in Stainz an especially dark example 
which he described as dark copper-red. This form is probably unnamed.”’ 

This form may probably come under the above form ignicula, Dnhl. 


Euplexia, Steph. (1829), most authors. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802), 
Meyr., Meyr.: Trigonophora, Hb. (1821), Tr., Bdv. Dup.] lucipara, 
Linn. (1758). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct.,- 11, 64 (1892): Meyr., Handbk:, 128 (1895): 
Stdgr., Cat., [IIed., 155 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VII, 241 (1906); 
Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 211, plt. 41, 25 (1906): South,.WW.B.J., I, 291, plt. 
141, 5 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 188, plt. 431_(1911): Culot, 
N. et G., 1G), 202, plt. 37; 7 (1913) > Meyr., Rev. H., 81 (928): Drdt_- 
Stz., Am. Noct., VII, 113, plt. 314 (1925). 


n., Sys. Nat., Xed., p. 518 (1758), gave a short but sufficient 
diagnosis of lucipara, ‘‘ purpurascentibus ’’ wings, ‘‘ nigra ’’ fascia, 
and ‘‘ flava ’’ outer stigmata. This description in XIled., II, 857 (1766), 
was practically unaltered. | 

Schiff., Verz., 84, P. 3 (1775). Associated with meticulosa, cucubali, 
serena, etc. , 


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JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED with the assistance of 


MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
E. A. COCKAYNE, A. M. D.M., F. R. E.S F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 

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CONTENTS. 
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF EUMENIS SEMELE, L., Antony Thompson, M.A., 
F.R.E‘S. DA A ghd cna ThE ee Ne SU giro asin alee PUPats EOE Aa ALA 2 
INTERSEXES IN A BROOD OF HYBRID LYCIA HIRTARIA, CLRCK., E. 4. 
Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., Sd 1 ise be id ss seni OO 
Re OAMMANS An” Old: Moti Hunter, No ROM hath i a Le Oy 
TERMINOLOGY IN NATURAL SCIENCE, Hy. J. To. 000. ee ete 9 


COLLECTING NOTES: Foodplants of Allophyes (Miselia) oxyacanthae, L., 
P. B. M. Allan; Chilosia albipila, Mg. (Diptera, Syrphidae) Bred, H. W. 


I 


Andrews, OM pedo he vealed FELete TIRE APN a 0 Let CAA ALAS: Sun aL Baten Oho ah 
coi SU eB Bae a eae LIC Path =f?) URE ity FM toate rs a 
SUPPLEMENT. 
The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., 
F.R.H.S., PSN MODI are 4 Bee STEP names Tt, 601 02" 020 hy Mh a ge en any g Ws) BR 


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A NEW SUBSPECIES OF EUMENIS SEMELE, L. 65 


A NEW SUBSPECIES OF EUMENIS SEMELE, 
By Antony THompson, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


2 a \ 
é 


AUG 251944. 


13, $200 Se aN figRaRr’ — 


See 
Among the many interesting forms of Lepidoptera, which are to be 


found on the coast of North Wales is a race of Humenis semele which 
occurs on the limestone cliffs of the Creuddyn Peninsula in Caenarvon- 
shire. 
This peninsula is a perfect example of a biological island and pos- 
sesses a flora and fauna in many ways presenting a striking contrast to 
the mainland. 

During the past two summers I have been able to visit this locality 
with Dr H. B. Williams, who agrees with me that the H. semele which 
occur here are worthy of subspecific rank. Accordingly I name it 


EUMENIS SEMELE, L., ssp. thyone, ssp. nov. 

S$. Strikingly smaller than any other British race of semele, those 
in my series of over 100 specimens, collected at random, averaging only 
47.7 mm. 

The coloration is more uniform than in typical semele, with the pale 
areas more ochreous. The, forewing spots are smaller than in other 
races, with the lower of the two frequently absent, and totally obsolete 
speciméns are not very rare. The underside has the coloration duller 
and less contrasting than in the type, with the white portions of the 
hindwings tinged with ochreous. The tendency to obsolescence is even 
more striking on the under surface than on the upperside. 

2. Similarly smaller than other races, those in my series averag- 
ing 51.1 mm. The comparatively unicolorous tendency is the same as 
in the ¢ ; but obsolescence is less marked, although the spots are smaller 
than in normal specimens. The underside presents peculiarities similar 
to oo of this race. 


Habitat: Creuddyn Peninsula, Carnarvonshire. 

Types: ¢, 9, 2nd July 1941, in my collection. 

E. semele ssp. thyone flies earlier than is usual with other races, 
being on the wing towards the third week in June, and disappearing 
by the end of July. 


INTERSEXES IN A BROOD OF HYBRID LYCIA HIRTARIA, CLRCK., 
gx POECILOPSIS LAPPONARIA, BDV., 2°; HYBRID WALLACEI, 
HARRISON. 


By EK. A. Cockayne, D.M.; F.R.CcP., F.R.E.S. 


This hybrid has been bred on a number of occasions, but as far as I 
know the broods have consisted of approximately equal numbers of males 
and females, and the reverse hybrid has also produced both sexes. I 
do not think intersexes of either hybrid have been recorded. In 1942 
Mr Alfred Hedges succeeded in obtaining a pairing between a male 
Iycia hirtaria from Kensington and a female Poecilopsis lapponaria 
from Struan. In 1943 he bred 23 3d, 22 2° @, and 7 intersexes, and in 


66 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V1/1944 


1944 he bred 3 dd, and there are still 31 pupae lying over. The fol- 
lowing is a description oi the intersexes, all of which are much more 
like females than males. . 


(1) Larger wings on the left side, partially pectinated antenna on the 
right side. 

(2) Larger wings on the right side, partially pectinated antenna on the © 
right side. 

(3) Larger wings on the right side, partially pectinated antenna on the 
right side. 

(4) Wings on both sides larger than normal, but not so large on the 
left as on the right, partially pectinated antenna on the left side. 

(5) Large hindwings, partially pectinated antenna on the left side. 

(6) Wings as in a normal female, partially pectinated antenna on the 

left side. 

(7) All the wings squarer than normal, partially pectinated antenna 

on the right side. 


In moths sex is determined by the balance between the X-chromosomes 
and the other chromosomes, the autosomes, two X-chromosomes produc- 
ing a male and one X-chromosome a female. If, however, the X-chromo- 
some has an abnormally high valency in proportion to that of the auto- 
somes females may be transformed into males or intersexes, or males 
may greatly exceed females in number. For instance, in hybrid L. hir- 
taria 3 xX Nyssia zonaria 2 the valency of the X-chromosome of hirtaria 
is so much greater than that of zonaria that all the females are trans- 
formed into males. As a rule the X-chromosomes of L. hirtaria and P. 
lapponaria are so nearly equal in valency that both their hybrids pro- 
duce normal males and females. In this case, since the female receives 
its X-chromosome from the male parent, hirtaria, and its Y-chromosome 
from the female parent, lapponaria, the Kensington hirtaria must have 
had X-chromosomes of unusually high valency. Variation in the valency 
of the X-chromosome of Lycia hirtaria was demonstrated in 1919 by 
Harrison, who showed that the hybrid pilzii (P. pomonaria @ x L. hir- 
tari 2 from England) gave an equal number of males and females, but 
with females from Scotland the ratio of males to females was 190 : 14, 
and a similar difference in sex ratio occurred when the hybrid pilzi was 
crossed with female hirtaria from England and Scotland respectively, 
the former cross giving approximately equal numbers of the two sexes 
and the latter a great preponderance of males. Hirtaria from the Con- 
tinent resemble those from Scotland in valency, for Meisenheimer in 
1917 bred 300 males and no females of the ee pilzit and in 1918 he 
bred 1000 males and only 6 females. 


The variation in the valency of the X-chromosome of ita demon- 
strated by Harrison and confirmed by Meisenheimer is racial, but in the 
male parent of this exceptional brood of hirtaria x lepccna i we high 
valency must have been individual. 


ln conclusion I wish to thank Mr Hedges for permission to publish 
the details of the brood. 


CATKINS. 67 


CATKINS. 
By AN Otp Moto Hunter. 


‘¢ T really must bring my beating-tray up here to-morrow,” said I 
to myself, gazing at a splendid sallow bush ablaze with yellow catkins. 
For although every year I vow that [ have had enough of the Xanthias 
(as in the days of my youth we used to call silago, flavaqo, lutea, cerago, 
fulvago and icteritia—you can choose whichever names you prefer) I 
never tire of rearing the two lovely moths which result from a bag of 
catkins gathered at the right season. So the more I looked at this hand- 
some bush the stronger became the old urge, and when presently I turned 
my steps homeward I had resolved to return with the beating-tray next 
day. 

It is wiser, I think, to use a beating-tray for this particular method 
of obtaining larvae. J have an idea that the catkins inhabited by cater- 
pillars are the first to fall--for the simple reason, I suppose, that the 
damage inflicted upon them by the larvae cause them to ‘‘ die ’’ sooner 
than catkins which-are not attacked. So that if one spreads the tray, 
then gives the branch ahove it the very gentlest of taps, the catkins 
inhabited by larvae descend forthwith, the virgin catkins remaining on 
the bush. If on the other hand one snips off catkins at random with a 
pair of scissors one collects a great many catkins which do not contain 
anything at all.—Yet when visiting a bush a day or two after the first 
catkins have fallen I usually find larvae; so perhaps it is only laziness 
that induces me to use a beating-tray and my theory is but a plausible 


excuse ... At all events J determined to visit that sallow bush again 
next day with my beating-tray and collect Xanthia larvae for the n-th 
time. ; 


But next day 1 had a sharp attack of dolce far niente, and the day 
after that there were other things to do, and on the third day came a 
gale with torrents of rain. ‘‘ That,’’ said I, ‘‘ is the end of the cat- 
kins; no Xanthias for me this year.’’ It rained ceaselessly for three 
days, and the wind kept time with the rain. In a hill country Carpe 
diem is a motto that must be incessantly on one’s lips. 

This morning I awoke to find a warm west wind blowing lightly on 
my face and sunshine on the wail. So after breakfast I took the hill 
again, and an hour later stood in front of my sallow bush. What a 
change! Gone were the catkins, and as the young, leaves were only just 
beginning to uncurl the bush looked much as it did three weeks ago. 
On the ground all round about it the catkins were thickly strewn, some 
fresh, but mostly grey and a few already turning to pulp. ‘‘ { wonder 
...”’ said I to myself. ‘‘ Anyhow, I may as well have a look.” I 
threw my Burberry on the ground and, sitting down, picked up a cat- 
kin and carefully pinched off its top. Obvious signs.of a larva. I 
pinched off a little more. A white backside appeared ... I picked up 
another, and found that a Xanthia larva, actually at the end of its 
second stadium, a fine brown little fellow, was making a meal off its 
outside, eating, apparently, the green part close to the stalk; being too 
big to inhabit the catkin he was obliged to forage at large. At this 
1 set to work with a will and presently I began to wish that I had formed 
two heaps, one of catkins which contained or had contained larvae, the 


68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1944 


other devoid of inhabitants, and that I had counted the number in each 
heap; for I am sure that quite fifty per cent. showed signs of larval 
enterprise. in less than ten minutes two dozen Xanthias were in my 
box. 

Then I began to ponder upon the philosophy of this matter. The 
ground beneath the bush, on three sides of it, was thickly covered with 
a dense matting of dead bracken, a matting of many years and so thick © 
and heavy that no green plant could grow beneath it, let alone push its 
way through. It was only on the fourth side, where the ground was too 
swampy for bracken to grow, that there was greenery—devil’s-bit 
scabious, dog-violet, trefoils, a sorrel or two. How could the hundreds 
of larvae—for 1t was a ten-foot bush and must have borne well over a 
thousand catkins, possibly several thousand—ever hope to reach green 
food before starvation overtook them? The answer, I take it, is that 
they had no chance at all of doing so. They would just perish among 
the pulping catkins. Perhaps not fifty larvae would ever find green 
food. How immense the wastage must be! 

These two Sallow moths (the Sallow and the Pink-barred Sallow) never 
seem to revisit the bush on which they were born; for I have paid much 
heed to sallows ever since that day in early boyhood when I found my 
first S. ocellatus thereon; and not yet have J taken the larva of either 
species on this shrub when full grown. The parent moth lays two, 
three, or four eggs (easily found in winter-time) between twig and bud, 
and the emergent larvae eat their way forthwith into the cat- 
kin, and there they remain until, like parachutists, they come safely to 
earth. Judging by my experience to-day, they continue to eat the 
catkin so long as it remains edible, then crawl out and go to the nearest 
herbaceous plant. If, like the second stadium one which J have just 
taken, they are unabie to find a suitable plant, they eat the green parts 
of any other catkins handy. And when they can’ find no more green 
catkins nor any plants in the dense jungle of matted brake? . . . There 
must be many that meet with this fate. Yet in confinement they retain 
their eariy taste for sallow and J have often reared them to maturity 
on no other food. But sallow is not easy to keep fresh in a larva cage, 
so I shall feed my bag of to-day with hawthorn, which they accept with- 
cut demur. . 

A. lota and B, viminalis and Z. retusa are much wiser. They have 
discovered a method of finding out just when their catkin is going to 
fall, and as soon as the red light appears they leave the nursery and 
go to the nearest leaf-bud. Into this they crawl, spin together the 
rapidly expanding leaves, and live secure from the prying eyes of 
ichneumons and other predatory Hymenoptera and Diptera. Yet, like 
all of us, they have their enemies, and sometimes—indeed, very often, 
I am afraid—a sneaking hemipteron or earwig or suchlike marauder, as 
hateful to the lepidopterist as it is to the larva, forces a way in between 
the spun-together leaves . . . A vicious snap of the jaws (oh, I don’t 
a bit mind using hyperbole where earwigs are concerned ; no attribution 
of vice can be too far-fetched for such an infamous beast), and other good 
larva las gone west. 

Retusa can be rather a nuisance when one is searching for viminalis 
‘In hope of breeding ‘‘ vars.’’ Gne afternoon last year I snipped off 
forty-five spun-together leaves from sallows on the river bank, and bred 


TERMINOLOGY IN NATURAL SCIENCE. 69 


forty-one Z. retusa. But this was entirely my fault; the larvae of retusa 
and viminalis are easy to distinguish: both are green, but viminalis 
has two pairs of whitish dots on the back of each somite, a form of adorn- 
ment which retusa scorns. Lota’s larva, of course, is brown (distinguish- 
able from the Sallows by the broken whitish dorsal line), and the Geo- 
meters which lie flat—and can easily be mistaken, when very young, for 
either retusa or viminclis-—will always declare their nationality when 
gently prodded in the rear with a blade of grass. 

The sallow catkins, cf course, are now ‘ over ’’? everywhere; but the 
second and third weeks in June are likely to yield retusa and viminalis 
in most parts of the Kingdom. Retusa@ is said to be “ local,’’ but per- 
haps this is only hecause he is so easily overlooked. 


TERMINOLOGY IN NATURAL SCIENCE. 


I. In my Notes appearing in the Ent. Record, which are intended 
mainly to collect what is known of the variation of our British Noctuae, 
J have used the terms ‘“‘ race’’ and ‘‘ subspecies’ to register the two 
erades of varied and aberrant development under the species before me. 
It is well understood that a species scatters itself into areas, near and 
far from its original localities thus forming colonies. These colonies 
naturally will come under diverse natural conditions, some advantageous 
to growth and development, some not so well situated. A more or less 
isolated colony soon develops a tendency to respond to its surroundings 
and attains some fresh character usually in a very sporadic number of 
its members. If this newly acquired feature be successful in surviving 
its hard struggle among the rest of the members of the colony it may be 
noted in course of time by a nature student, who may call this colony a 
‘‘ race ’’ since it is differentiated by having among its constituents a few 
individuals of a recognizable different facies from the nominotypical 
forms which make up the particular colony. Such a colony is what is 
called a ‘‘ race.’’ 

In course of time, it might happen, and apparently has happened in 
numerous colonies, that the new features have become practically uni- 
versal in the colony, and that the nominotypical form is in comparatively 
small number. The ‘‘ race’’ has now evolved into that status which we 
have been in the habit of calling a ‘‘ subspecies.’’ 

Here, in fact, one seems to envisage the evolution of what may even- 
tually be docketed as a species.—Hy. J. T. 


II. In 1898 Geddes and Thompson wrote a work entitled The Hvolu- 
tion of Sex, a wonderful collection of facts, but in many respects a 
‘‘ witness of science to linguistic anarchy.’’ A short chapter deals with 
‘* Hermaphroditism,’’ which may serve to illustrate the above remark. 
On page 80 they sum up their study and give this excellent definition : 
‘‘ Hermaphroditism is the union of the two sexual functions in one or- 
ganism.’’ This expression is definitely definite on ‘‘ functions,’’ i.e., not 
the sexual structures alone, but the functions of those organs must be 
competent to carry out their functional activity, both male and female, 
in the same organism. But this is immediately followed by an extra- 
ordinary remark, an absolutely illogical remark, an impossible condi- 


70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1944 


tion of hermaphroditism to be included in the definition: ‘‘ This occurs, 
however, in varying degrees.’’ The structures must be perfect for the 
function to be carried on as demanded by the definition, for an organism 
to be hermaphrodite, and the functions must be perfectly capable of 
carrying on. Any degree of failure in structure or in function in an 
organism and it can no longer be called hermaphrodite. There can be 
no degree, if the definition is to stand. ca 

Forty years have passed since the “‘ linguistic anarchy ”’ of the ex- 
pression of ‘‘ hermaphroditism in varying degree ’’ was made, and it is 
recognized that all the imperfect examples as regards either structures 
or functions both ‘‘ internal’’ and ‘“‘ superficial ’’ are forms which in 
appearance simulate only a portion of the two sexual structures (inside) 
or dimorphic colour, etc. (superficial, sexual), and a modern term has 
been applied to them—‘‘ gynandromorph.’’ J am not aware that any 
example of absolute hermaphrod'tism has been proved in the Lepidop- 
tera, but at least superficial gynandromorphs are by no means uncom- 
mon. 

In the same chapter the two authors give an example of ‘‘ A beautiful 
case of intimate blending of superficial sex characters was lately shown 
to us by Mr W. de V. Kane of Kingsdown. A specimen of butterfly 
(Huchloé euphenoides) showed the anterior half of the forewings and 
part of the hindwings with the characteristic white ground of the female, 
while in the posterior half of the forewings and on most of the hind- 
wings the characteristic sulphur of the male prevailed. Jn other minor 
ways, the characteristics of the two sexes are well marked. were inti- 
mately blinded. Similar cases are on record.’’ 

They go on to discuss the cases in all orders, which they include 
under the terms hermaphroditism of ‘‘ varying degree.’’ But after 
giving a few examples of more or less ‘‘ partial hermaphoditism ’’ so 
called, remark that it is enough to note the very wide occurrence of 
such cases. The authors divide these so called ‘‘ partial’? hermaphro- 
dite cases into an internal section as ascertained by dissection, and 
‘* superficial hermaphroditism.’’ Not one example in either of these 
sections fulfils or can be expected to fulfil the functions expressed in the 
original definition of hermaphroditism as stated above. Of this section 
where the indications are noted as ‘‘ superficial ’? they remark as fol- 
lows :—‘‘ The prettiest cases of superficial hermaphroditism occur among 
insects, especially among moths and butterflies, where it often happens 
that the wings on one side are those of the male, on the other those of 
the female. Only the external features have been observed in most 
cases, but it has been shown by dissection that such superficial blend- 
ing may exist along with internal sexuality, or, in a few cases, with 
genuine internal hermaphroditism.’’ 

Thus in this case time has brought about a more correct appreciation 
of the biologic facts without ‘‘ linguistic anarchy.’’—Hy. J. T. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


FoopPLANts OF ALLOPHYES (MISELIA) OXYACANTHAE, L.—One usually 
associates the larva of this species with Hawthorn and Blackthorn; oc- 
casionally one is found on Crab Apple. To-day (5th June) I beat a 


lad 


CURRENT NOTES. 71 


full grown larva from Cherry, Prunus cerasus, L. The tree was thickly 
lichened and the larva was the zrey form, as were those recently col- 
lected from old Crab trees.—P. B. M. Atay. 


CHILOSIA ALBIPILA, Ma. (DivrERA, SYRPHIDAE) BrED.—In the Septem- 
ber 743 issue of this magazine Captain R. D. Troup, in the course of a 
note on ‘‘ The Foodplant of Ochria ochracea,’’ referred to finding dip- 
terous larvae in the stems of the Marsh Thistle (C. palustris) at Alton 
Pancras, Dorset, and in response to a letter he kindly sent me some 
stems with about 20 larvae. I put these in a cardboard bex with some 
earth and hung up the box out of doors with overhead cover but other- 
wise in the open. Early in March of this year I brought the box in- 
doors to an upstairs room without heat, and between the 17th and 20th, 
although the weather was cold with morning frosts, 4 ¢¢ and 1 @ of 
C. albipila emerged. This fly is not uncommon; it is an early spring 
species—Verrall’s dates are 24th March to 27th April—but I can find 
no note of its having been ‘‘ bred ”’ in this country, so think it worth 
recording. 

The larvae of Ciilosia generally appear to be internal feeders in stems 
and roots with a few leaf-miners, and usually to pupate in the earth. 
Lundbeck (in Diptera Danica, Vol. 5) records several species that also oc- 
cur in Britain as having been bred from truffles and other fungi, several 
species of thistles, and camomile; but the only British breeding record I 
have been able to find is a note by Mr J. C. F. Fryer in H.M.M., Vol. 
51, p. 194 (June 1915), in which he records C. variabilis, Pz., as being 
bred from roots of figwort (S. nodosa), and refers to an Irish record, 
C. sparsa, Lw., bred from roots of primrose. 

The fact that I bred only 5 specimens from some 20 larvae looks as 
if they got too dry; from Captain Troup’s letter I gathered that the 
larvae came from a swampy locality —H. W. ANDREWS. 


CURRENT NOTES. 


THE present number will be our issue for June and July. The next 
number will be the August-September. We are urged to “‘ save paper ’”’ 
but we are influenced also by the unusual (for us) paucity of notes and 
short articles. Will our readers please note. Every one has some item 
he can send us. Will he please forward it. If it necessitates a figure, 
we hope that the scheme referred to below will satisfy that necessity 


ere long. 


THe cost of plates has gone up recently by ‘‘ leaps and bounds ”’ to 
such a degree that the advancement of knowledge and research is ter- 
ribly handicapped. A scheme is in consideration by which the cost to 
an individual will be much less, in fact, may be, in most instances, 
quite reasonable when compared with the current price of a block. 
But it will require the careful help of the subscribers to our magazine. 
Particulars will be given in a future number when the scheme is fur- 
ther advanced. Of course, if any of our subscribers have suggestions as 
to how our object can be forwarded we shall be only too pleased to con- 
sider them. | 


72 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V1I/1944 


EntTomotocicat Artists.—Mr 8S. G. Castle Russell’s note on p. 38 
(your March number of this year) greatly interested me. May I venture 
to mention a modern entomological artist of the very first calibre, who, 
I feel sure, will not suffer by comparison with the ‘“ old time artist,’’ 
“William Buckler? I refer to Monsieur Le Cerf of the Museum National 
d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Besides being an artist, M. Le Cerf is also 
an eminent taxonomist, being the greatest authority, in Europe at least, 
on the Sesiidae, Cossidae, Micropterygidae, and, I believe, some other 
families. His paintings are so fine that they stand examination under 
a lens! I fancy this combination of talents must be unique.—E. P. 
WitTsHIRE, Basra, 14/4/44. 


For some years past in each season a large number of records of the 
Mass Movement, or Immigration, of Insects has been recorded, but 
these records are all deficient in the one detail, the origin of the move- 
ment. There has been one such record, long long ago. In Nature, 1879, 
p. 266, S. B. J. Skertchley reported the mass emergence of Vanessa 
cardui at W. Sawakin, from whence the migration started. With so 
many lepidopterists now serving abroad opportunities may occur of re- 
cording similar occurrences. Our entomological magazines and Captain 
Dannreuther, the Secretary of the Insect Committee of the S.E. Union 
of Scientific Societies, would welcome such in their pages. Herewith is 
a special appeal we have just received: 


Request for Entomologists serving abroad to observe Migrant 
Insects.—The Insect Immigration Committee is anxious to trace to 
their source the swarms of insects recorded from time to time as arriving 
in the British Isles. Dates of emergence, estimated numbers, flight 
direction and climatic conditions prevailing at the time are wanted, also 
details of local foodplants, habits, etc. Entomologists serving abroad 
and having opportunities for observation are urged to send records of 
any apparent migration to the Keeper of Entomology at the Britisir 
Museum (Natural History), London, S.W.7, or direct to the undersigned. 
—Capt. T. DannreuvtHer, R.N., F.R.E.S., ‘6 Windycroft,” Hastings, 
Sussex, April 28th, 1944. 


THE WHITEHOUSE COLLECTION SaLE.—On p. 34 of the current volume 
(March 1944) you mention the sale for ten guineas of a gynandromorph 
paphia ‘‘ taken at Lyndhurst in 1900 by E. Wiltshire.’’ Since my name 
has been frequently mentioned in your pages of late, may I ask you to 
make clear to your readers that I have never caught a gynandromorph 
paphia in my life, have never taken this butterfly in the New Forest re- 
gion, and that the date given was ten years before I was born. 

Since you also state that the specimen was exhibited at the South 
London Society in 1900 (by which presumably the Society which is now 
titled the South London Entomological and Nat. Hist. Society is meant), 
doubtless that Society’s Secretary will be able after reference to the re-— 
cords to give further details about the exhibit and captor. I shall be 
most interested to learn more of my namesake, since J was quite unaware 
that an entomologist with exactly my own name and first initial had 
been active in England this century, or any other century for that mat- 
ter. I therefore look forward to the publication in your pages of further 
details in this regard.—E. P. Wiztsuire, Basra, 14/1ix/44. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (145) 


Rott., Naturg., 1X, 135 (1776), said dubia, Hufn., was lucipara, L. 

Esp., Abbild., IV (2), 659, plt. 174, 1-2 (1791+ ?), gave two figures, 
very dark, like most of the Continental figures, but quite recognizable 
when looked into critically. 


Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Eur., VII, p. 118, fig. 491c, d, e (1790), 
gave three figures, all of which were of the Linnaean typical dark form. 

Hb., Text., 176 (1805?), described lucipara as ‘‘ eisenschwarz,’’ and 
emphasized the dark coloration throughout the yellow leaden grey, the 
centred reniform and pale waved line being the only light markings 
given. 

Hb., Samll. Noct., 55 (1800-3), is not a typical figure. It is much 
too red, the reniform has no white about it, on the inner side of the 
inner transverse line is an area of deep blackish-red from the middle 
of the wing to the inner margin, the area outside the outer line is not 
conspicuously lighter. 

Hb., Verz., 217 (1821), placed lucipara in the genus Trigonophora 
with meticulosa, empyrea, scita, etc. 

Treit., Schmett., V (1), 377 (1825), gave references to Hufn., Berl. 
Mag., III, 404, 1766, dubia, and Rott., Naturg., IX, 155 (1776), dubia 
as being this species. Also Fab., Mant., II, 117, flavomaculata, as this 
species. Of this last Treit. said in a footnote, ‘‘ The Fab. description in 
the Mantissa is more correct than that in the Hnt. Sys. that one must 
suppose that in the latter he did not have before him the true lucipara.”’ 


Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 348, plt. 94, 5 (1826), gave an excellent, but 
very dark, figure, the inner half of the subterminal area and the outer 
part of the basal area being of a deep russet tinge, while the reniform 
was slightly of the same colour. 

Freyer, N. Beitr., I, 150, plt. 82 (1833), gave a very dark recogniz- 
able figure. He refers to the ‘‘ true’’ figures in Knoch’s Beitrage, II, 
pital, 6,7 (1.783). 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., IJ, 277 (1850), said Hb. 55 was too dark and the 
forewing ¢ was too stumpy. Of Freyer, N. Beitr., f. 82 was poorer 
than that of Hb. 

Barrett, l.c., plt. 190, gave two good figures. 

Meyrick, Handbk., 128 (1895), used the genus Hadena in both edi- 
tions (1928), 81. 

Splr., Schmett. Eur., I, 211, plt. 41, 25, ¢ (1906). The author said 
that the ‘‘ forewings in the figure were too red and that the abdomen 
was too long.”’ ‘“The average examples are much more varied in 
colour and marking.’’ 

South, M.B.J., I., 291, plt. 141, 5 (1907), gave a good figure of our 
average British examples. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 188 (1911), gave two figures, plt. 433, 
G and @, with only a shade difference in ground colour. They noted 
that ‘‘ Japanese examples were somewhat larger, the ground colour 
darker, more suffused with purple.’’ 

Culot, N. ef G., I (1), 202, plt. 37, 7 (1913), gave a good figure of a 
dark reddish-brown, but little varied with dark hindwing. He said it 
varied but little between ‘‘ reddish-brown and blackish-violet.’’ 

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 169 (1934), included two forms, 
leonhardhi, Rbl., and exotica, Strnd. (Hamp.). 


» 


(146) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15/V1/1944 


Smith, Cat. Noct. N. Am., 171 (1893), and Dyar, Cat. Both these 
refer to lucipara as a N. American species. 

Holland, The Moth Book, 172, plt. 20, 26 (1903), gave a very dark 
figure, the marginal area being scarcely differentiated from the very 
dark black central fascia. ; 

_Drdt.-Seitz, Am. Noct., VII, 213 (1925), has accepted the genitalic 
determination of the /uwcipara of America as a separate species with the 
name benesimilis, McD. Apparently from the figure given in Seitz 
there appears to be no appreciable outer specific differentiation from our 
Continental forms (plt. 311). In fact the figure given looks much more 
like a varied British specimen. [The genitalia are different.—Dr 
EK. A. C.] 


The Forms and Names to be considered: 
lucipara, L. (1758), Sys. Nat., Xed., 518. 
dubia, Hufn. (1766), Berl. Mag., III, 404, Syn. 
flavomaculata, Fab. (1787), Mant., II, 127, Syn. 
ssp. leonhardhi, Reb. (1909), Verh. z.-b. Gess. Wien, 331, fig. 2. 
ssp. exotica, (Hamp.), Strnd. (1908), 1915 (Lep. Phal. VII, 241): 
Naturg:, GXXXI, 153,-Abt. A, Heft. 11: 
ssp. britannica, nov. ssp. 
ab. conspicua, nov. ab. 


Tutt dealt with the typical form only. 


Although no mention is made in the text of Seitz of difference be- 
tween the ¢ and 9@ of luciparv, the figures on plate 431 show the 
reniform in the 9 large and of a purer white, the double line is suc- 
ceeded by a parallel area nearly as light ochreous as the filling of the 
double transverse line; this is succeeded by the dark purple-brown mar- 
ginal area. In the ¢ the two latter features are reversed, the narrow 
area next to the light transverse double line is dark purple-brown, and 
the wide dark marginal area is lightened by a very irregular ochreous 
narrow line. The hindwing of the male has a very distinct light ochre- 
ous band running through the dark marginal area but not reaching the 
apical angle. The transverse lines mentioned seem to open out before 
reaching the costa of the forewing. 

The figure given by Hampson, Lep. Phal., VII, 240, f. 35, does not 
appear to be our lucipara. There is a definite and conspicuous white 
blotch towards the apex quite as strong as the reniform stigma, a fea- 
ture I have never seen in any specimen. Some examples have several 
whitish striae near the apex of the wing. The reniform too is farther 
removed from the double transverse line area. The marking of the hind- 
wings are not like those in average lucipara. 


ssp. exotica, Strand., Arch. Natg., LXXXI, 153, Abt. A, Heft. 11 
(1915). Hamps., Dep. Phal., VII, 241 (1908), no name, see Strand. 

Orig. Drescrip.—Hamps., ‘‘ The Oriental and American forms have 
the post medial area of the forewings more purplish and less rufous 
than the typical European form.’’ 


subsp. leonhardi, Reb. (Verh. z.-b. Ges. W., LIX, 331, fig. 2) (1909), 
Nov. Zool., XXVII, 56 (1920). ‘‘ A darker, duskier local subspecies, 


but the pattern differences given by the author are not confirmed in my 
series of 129 specimens.’’- Algeria. ~ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (147) 


f. leonhardhi, Rb., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien (1909), 331. 

Wre lc. f..2, 9. 

Oric. Drescrrp.—‘ The general colour is a more uniform, dusky, 
purple-brown while the pale centre of the reniform of the forewing is 
much more covered with brown, the yellow suffusion of the outer band 
is completely wanting, the dark central area is much straighter bor- 
dered and has the form of a triangle with the apex on the inner margin, 
whereas in lucipara the portion on the inner margin appears indented 
on both sides. Also the hindwings are on both sides distinctly darker, 
without trace of the yellowish suffusion towards the base often so dis- 
tinctly prominent in lucipara.’”? Treated as a species at first. 

Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 169 (1934), said ‘‘ the differences in the 
markings mentioned by Rebel are not constant. Some specimens are 
exceedingly dusky.’’ Algeria and Tunis. The figure l.c., plt. 20h, is of 
a very small specimen. 


After the study of the descriptions of all the more important and 
reliable authors from Linné onwards, and the inspection of a consider- 
able number of coloured figures from the same period, it seems that the 
altogether lighter and more varied colour and marking of our British 
“specimens points to the latter as a distinct race. This opinion is con- 
firmed by the few Continental examples I have been able to examine. 
Curiously this opinion is confirmed by the figures in Seitz work, which 
are of the varied in colour and marking of the British race [the Noctuid 
volume was written and illustrated by the English author, Warren]. 
The hindwings are light brownish-grey becoming darker on the outer 
margin, and very occasionally even blackish. 

To register this distinction I suggest that we designate our island 
form by the name britannica, nov. subsp. 


ssp. britannica, nov. ssp. 

Description.—The general coloration and marking lighter and more 
varied than these features in the normal typical forms on the Con- 
tinent. The reniform white with only a faint tinge or marking in 
brown. The marginal area lighter than any other especially the inner 
half which may be a glossy light brown in part suggesting white in- 
fusion, and may unite or almost unite with the reniform. A thin brown 
waved line can generally be seen, running down the centre of this 
lighter half from costa to inner margin. The dark central fascia is some- 
what varied in depth of colour and the contained orbicular may be 
slightly more visible. The outer half of the subterminal area is subject 
to much variation and variation in the incidence of light loses its dark 
appearance to light glossy brown. This half contains the subterminal 
line, if present (it maybe reduced to dots). In- one very beautiful 
example sent me by Capt. C. Q. Parsons of Torquay this is a dark black- 
ish-red-brown line bordered on the outerside by fine light brown. This 
specimen is remarkable in having in the upper costal portion three very 
clear white spots; it also has a large more conspicuously light reniform. 
It might perhaps be called conspicua, nov. ab. 


Aplecta, Gn. (1841-1852), Dup., Tutt. [Polia, Hb. (1806), Tent, Och. 
& Treit. (1816-25), Frr.: Agrotis, Ochs. & Tr, (1816-25), Stdgr., Splr., 


(148) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1944 


Culot: Triphaena, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Meyr., Meyr.: Polia, Ochs. 
& Treit., see above: Hurois, Hb. (1821), Barr., Hamps., South, Warr.- 
Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: Polyphaenis, Bdv. (1840), Gn. in pt. (1852)]. 


[The American ssp.: Matuta, Grt. (1890?), Brns. & McD.: Adelpha- 
grotis, Smith (1890), Dyar-Beut., Holl.] prasina, (Fb.), Schiff. (teste 
Hb.-Gey.). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 65 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 108 (1895): Barr., 
Lep. Br. Is., TV, 104, plt. 149, 1 (1897): Stdgr., Cat.; I[Ted., 153 (1901): 
Hamps., Lep. Phal., IV, 617, fig. 110 (1903): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 164, 
plt. 36, 1 905): South, M.B.1., 1, 235, plt. 117, 4 907): Culot, N- ef 
G., I (1), 92, plt. 15, 18 (1909): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., I1f, 60, plt. 14a 
(1909); Meyr., Rev. Hand., 113 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., 
ITI, 87 (1988). 


Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 83, fig. 465 a, c, d (1790), gave 

three figures of this species under the name prasina, all very good. They 
referred to the figure of Esper’s, egregia, plt. 119, and said that the 
description had not yet appeared (1790). 

Schiff., Verz., 82, O., 11 (1775), was the first author to use this name. 
There was no description. In the Appendix, l.c., p. 313, he introduced 
another species (or name), herbida. 

Illiger, Ansg. Verz., I, 274 (1801), gave the description from Fab., 
Ent. Sys., III, 2 (1794). Tutt quoted from the Mantissa, II, 169 (1787). 
TIlliger discussed the prasina and herbida of the Verz., and he stated 
that the latter might be a variety of the former while Borkhausen had 
suggested it might be his jaspidea. 

Gotze, Beitrage, III (8), 250 (1781), took the unnamed figure and de- 
scription in De Geer, Jns., II (1), p. 412, plt. 6, f. 24, and gave it the 
name viridi-obscura, ‘‘ the dark green Noctua,’’ which is prasina-herbida. 

Wernb., I, 190, said the figure somewhat resembled herbida but the 
description was that of polymita. . 

Ksp., Abbild., IV, 297, plt. 119, 7 (1789+ ?) and [IV (2), 2, p. 28, 
plt. 188 (L. & P.)] figured this species under the name egregia. The 
figure is recognizable, but without any trace of green. Although Esp. 
bred it from a larva he did not mention green, but said the f.w. were 
dark red-brown. However he reported a specimen from near Innsbruck, 
which was a deep green. Yet he called it in the title of the chapter (‘‘The 
greenish white-spotted Noctua’’). Later he referred to the loss of the 
green colour which took place in a short period. 

Bork., Naturg., IV, 440 (1792), described this species under the name 
jaspidea; he said it was probably the herbida of the Verz. of Schiff., and 
that it certainly was not the jaspidea of de Vill. (Ent. Innn., II, 284, 
plt. 6, 28) (1789), which is undoubtedly oleagina. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 76 (1802), figured an insect under the name her- 
bida, which is considered to be a figure of the typical form. It is darker 
than any of our British prasina but has the same display of marking. 
The Continental Austrian, Vienna specimens I have, agree with it, of 
course minus the delicate green. His further figure 505 (1809-13) has 
the green of quite another shade, very heavy without trace of the beau- 
tiful delicacy of the true shade of green. In the Text, Hb.-Gey. (1834) 
gave 76 9 and 505¢ and said that it was the prasina of the Verz, Schiff. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (149) 


and that egregia, Esp., and jaspidea, Bork., were synonyms. Thus 
prasina, Schiff., is the prior name and author, used by recent authors. 
herbida, Hb., Samml. Noct., Text, Hb.-Geyer, p. 190 (1834+). 
Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ Pale green; head and thorax brown, green suf- 
fused and black marked; the wing mottled with brown, green and whit- 
ish with blackish waved streaking.’’ 


_ Haw., Lep. Brit., II, 157 (1809), describes a species under the name 
mizta, which he said he thought was a ‘‘ faded specimen and that the 
tawny marking should be green;’’ the description of the design seems to 
point to prasina of which it has been considered a synonym. Haw. called 
it the ‘‘ Green Arches.’’ 


Comparison of the Continental and British usual forms seem to show 
such a decided difference in general appearance that we must, I think, 
consider Haworth’s mixta as the name of a subspecies. 

Tr., Schm., V (2), 56 (1825), under the name herbida described this 
‘‘ brown and green ’”’ species. He said it was the prasina, Schiff., the 
herbida, Schiff., the egregia, Esp., the jaspidea, Bork., and the viridi- | 
obscura, Gotze, as well as the tullia, Cram. (Pap. exot., IV, 242, plt. 
400, E.). 

Dup., Hist. Nat., V1, 395, plt. 97, f. 3 (1826), described this species 
under the name herbida, Hb., but said it was the same as prasina, Schiff. 
The figure was not good; there was no variegated marking, but the trans- 
verse lines were very emphasized white, the central band was very plain; 
all other marking was obscure. Green was completely wanting, although 
the description featured the colour quite well. 

Steph., Jil., ITI, 30, plt. 27, 3 (1829), gave a rather remarkable figure 
in which the contrast is emphasized between the predominance of hght 
grey-green and the depth of the black massed around the stigmata except 
just at the top. The scattered black marking is very thin and scrappy 
except the submarginal line which is irregular but complete. There is a 
white narrow space just below the costal markings extending almost the 
length of the wing. He took his series at Darenth. 

Frr., Beitr., I, 131, plt. xl (1828), gave a figure of herbida which 
showed a fair amount of heavy green. The well-known white blotch was 
made up of three squares—white, green, white. It was not a good figure. 
The white costal area is not expressed as it normally is in Britain or in 
the Continent. 

Gn., Hist. Nat., VI (2), Noct. (1852), p. 73, pointed out that Schiff., 
Verz., made two species of this Noctua, in spite of there being no differ- 
ences. He called it herbida. He said it was egregia, Esp., mixta, Haw., 
prasina, Schiff., jaspidea, Bork., and was found in America. 

Barrett gave five very varied figures on plate 149. Fig. 1d is sup- 
posed to represent the specimen recorded by Barrett as costal half green, 
dorsal half reddish-yellow, which it certainly does not. 

Stder., Cat., IIled., 153 (1901), placed prasina, Fb. (Munt.), almost 
last in his extensive genus Agrotis, and treated herbida, Hb., egregia, 
Esp., and albimacula, Hormuz., as synonyms, without including any 
forms. 

Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV, 617, f. 110 (1903), gave a good b. and w. 
figure, and used the name prasina, Schiff., as the prior, placing Fab., 
Mantissa, II, 169, next. He gave no aberrant forms, but included 
egregia, Esp., jaspidea, Bork., mixta, Haw., herbacea, Gn., and albi- 


(150) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1944 


macula, Hormuz., as synonyms. Among his localities he placed Canada, 
New York, Colorado, etc., Amur., Siberia and Japan. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 263 (1850), said that H. 76 was not a good 
ficure, 505 was better. He used the name herbida, Schiff., which was 
the same as prasina, Fb., and egregia, Esp.; jaspidea, Bork., was a var. 

South, M.B.I., I, 235, plt. 117, 1-2 (1907), gave two very good figures 
of the British subspecific form, with all the original green turned to 
yellow-brown, but the markings are quite characteristic of the species. 
In fact the work of South (with whom I occasionally collected half a 
century ago) was excellent as can be judged from the standard edition 
of 1907 quoted -here. 


Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 60, plt. 14a (1909), dealt with five forms 
jaspidea, Bork., pallida, Tutt, suffusa, Tutt, albimacula, Hormuz., and 
lugubris, Petersen, and figured only the typical form. As synonyms 
they considered herbida, Hb., egregia, Msp., mixta, Haw., and herbacea, 
Gn. Their figure was rather too brown, compared with English ex- 
amples, but probably represents the usual Continental form of which I 
possess a short series mainly from Lower Austria. 

Culot, N. et G., I (1), 92, plt. 15, f. 15 (1909), gave what, at first 
glance, appears to be an inferior figure for him. All the mottling is 
there but much obscured in the dark olive-brown to which the original 
ereen has changed. The usual marking is there, even the dark portion 
of the central band can be seen, but obscured. The usual light bands 
are absent except just on the costa. 

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., I11, 87 (1933), recorded five fresh forms: 
vividior, Splr., olivacea, Lenz., obscura, Lenz., vittata, Heinr., and 
medio-nigra, Lenz. They have the opinion that the last two are “ pro- 
bably much the same.’’ 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., XIV, 266, plt. xxxvii, f. 8 
(1901), gave a very good b. and w. figure of the New York State Noctuid, 
Adelphagrotis prasina, Fb., ‘‘a large mossy-green species of Noctua.” 
The figure agrees with our species completely. . 

Smith, Cat. of Noctuidae of Boreal America, p. 57 (1893), included 
Adelphagrotis prasina, Fb. 

Holland, The Moth Book (Amer.), gave a very fair figure of the 
N. American form, plt. xxi, f. 24, and referred to.it (p. 179) as being 
very common all over Canada and the northern part of the United 
States. 

Barnes & McDunnough, Check List, 48, No. 1560 (1917), included 
prasina in the genus Matuta. ; 


Barrett’s Remarks on the Variation: 


Not very variable, though the broad spaces of dark clouding toward 
the base, in the central area, and behind are sometimes more or less 
pale, and the surface consequently greener, till in some instances the 
green wing is only rippled with dark lines. But it is often difficult to 
decide the original shade of colour in a specimen which has been more 
than a few months in the cabinet, since fading commences very soon 
after death, first to paler green then to yellowish, until at times the 
whole of the green surface has become yellow, or even in some parts pale 
orange. In South Yorkshire a handsome local race has the black mar- 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (151) 


bling greatly intensified, the broad central band’ becoming especially 
black and nearly obliterating the stigmata. In the New Forest, Hants, 
the tendency seems to be towards exceptional paleness, and Mr §. J. 
Capper possesses a specimen from that locality, which, except the central 
band, is almost greenish-white. Among the Yorkshire forms are singular 
aberrations; one in the collection of Mr G. T. Porritt has the costal half 
of the forewings green, the dorsal half reddish-yellow with the usual dark 
markings. Dr H. H. Corbett has one with a large white blotch on the 
reniform stigma; another with a similar white blotch on the orbicular. 


The Names and Forms to be considered: 


prasina, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 82, O., 11. 

f. herbida, Schiff. (1775), Tens Woe: aie Oon 22 CLO: fay. 
syn. viridi-obscura, Gotze (1781), Beitr., II] (3), 250. 

syn. prasina, Fb. (1787), Mantissa, II, 169. 

syn. egregia, Esp. (1789+ ?), Abbild., IV, 297, plt. 119, 7. 
syn. jaspidea, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 440. 

f. herbida, Hb. (1802), Samml. Noct., 76, 505. 

ssp. mixta, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., II, 157. 

ssp. herbacea, Gn. (1852), Hist. Nat., VI, 73. 

ab. pallida, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 65. 

ab. suffusa, Tutt (1892), l.c. 

ab. albimacula, Hormuz. (1894), Ent. Nach., 52. 

ab. lugubris, Petersen (1902), Beitr. Lep. F'n. Eston., 69. 
ab. viridior, Splr. (1905), Schmet. EHur., I, 164. 

ab. vittata, Heinr. (1916), Deut. ent. Zt., 514, plt. 4, 10. 
ab. Eaecure, Lenz. (1917), Oest. Schmet Seana, II (2), 252 ap lis pane O.. 
ab. slivacem, Benz.; it-e.,)f. 4... 

ab. medionigra, eee ve figs. 2, 6, 7. 


Tutt dealt with: (1) The typical green form; (2) ab. suffusa, a very 
rare reddish-brown form; (8) f. jaspidea, Bork., green mixed with dark 
grey, with whitish lines; (4) ab. pallida. 


viridi-obscura, Gotze, Beitr., III (3), 250 (1781). 

Orig. Descrip.—[ Ex De Geer, Jns., II (1), 412, plt. 6, f. 24 (1771?)] 
‘‘ Phalene verte obscure 4 rayes blanches et noires. Phalene 4 antennes 
filiformes, a trompe, a ailes rabutues d’un brun verdatre avec des rayes 
ondées blanches et noires, et deux taches blancheatres au milieu.’? No 
doubt it was the prasina-herbida, as subsequently named by Schiff. 


f. mata, Haw., Lep. Brit., 187 (1809). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Alae antice pallide cinereo-fulvicantes, striga basi 
nigra, secunda ante medium, quae exserit macula ordinariam clavifor- 
mem. Tertia striga geminata vix pone medium posita est. Inter 
ultimas strigas stigmata ordinaria nigro margine solum conspicua. 
Pone haec, macula majuscula, pallidior. Juxta marginem posticum 
striga undata pallida fere obliteratae, intus adnata punctis nigris tri- 
gonis subtribus costam versus. Posticae alae fusco-fulvicantes fimbria 
fusca, ciliis subfulvis.”’ | 

Note :—‘‘ I conceive the above described to be a faded specimen, and 
that its tawny markings once were green.’’ 


““ Syn. herbida, Hb. 76 ?”’ 


(152) ENTOMOLOGIST’S REOORD. 15/V1/1944 


herbacea, Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 73 (1852). 

Onic. Drscriep.—‘‘ Forewings of a handsome pistachio green, with 
black markings, the median lines waved, doubled; the subterminal visible 
only at the top, and joining a black waved line, lower down, which seems 
to continue it, and which ends at 2/3 across the wing. The median space 
is partly confined by the black ground, upon which the stigmata are dis- 
played, also in black. Hindwings of a reddish-coppery-brown with a 
subterminal band succeeded by a line, black; below, they are of a red- 
dish-clay-yellow, with a large cellular lunule—two lines below.” N. 
America. 


herbida, Gn., Hist. Nat., V1, 75 (1852). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ It differs chiefly from it, that there is white in 
four places on the forewings, in place of one alone which occurs in the 
type behind the ordinary stigmata.’’ . 

He refers it to prasina, Bork.; egregia, Esp. 


f. albimacula, Hormuz., Ent. Nachr., 52 (1894). 


Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ On the forewing the ground colour is pale grey, 
not as in German examples, outstanding pale brown, by which the green 
coloration becomes strongly curtailed. This colour is confined to a few 
longitudinal streaks less bright and pale, of which that on the under 
half of the median vein is most apparent; at the base, towards the costa 
and outer margin the green colour becomes obsolescent in a few less pro- 
minent spots, so that, on the whole, the forewing appears more grey 
than green. In a specimen from Brussa the middle area and the border 
between the orbicular and reniform are intense black-brown. The 
sharply defined spot on the outside of the reniform is very striking and 
bright white without green suffusion, just as the interior of the first 
(nearest the base) cross line, which is in particular characteristic of this 
local race. Head and terminal joint of palpi whitish-grey, not green 
suffused, the thorax somewhat darker, with black-greenish-yellow suf- 
fusion, but the grey dominant as are the petagia.’’? Bukowina. 


ab. lugubris, Ptrsn., Lep. Fen. v. Est., p. 69 (1902). 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ Obscurior al. ant. haud albo stignatis nec viride- 
scentibus.’’ 

‘‘ Ground colour (uniformly) generally dark brown-grey, in which the 
greenish and whitish markings are scarcely to be noticed slightly, so 
that the specimen gives a wholly unfamiliar impression.’’ Estland. 


ab. viridior, Splr., Schmett. Hur., I, 164 (1905). 
Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Mostly with yellow-green, rarely with soft green.”’ 


ab. vittata, Heinr., Dewtsch. ent. Zt., 514, (1914). - 

Fig.—l.c., plt. iv, 10. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The area between the middle and outer transverse 
lines darkened unicolorous black-green, forms a sharply margined dis- 
tinct band.’’ Berlin. . 


ab. obscura, Lenz., Oest. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 252 (1917). 
Fic.—l.c., plt. xiv, 8. 
Ornte. Descrir.—‘ Dark.” 


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EDITED with the assistance of 


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THE CATERPILLARS OF THE BRITISH 
BUTTERFLIES. 


Including the Eggs, Chrysalids, and Food Plants. Based upon the standard work, 
* BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES,” by Richard South, F.R.E.S. Com- 
piled by W. J. Stokoe. Edited, with special articles, by G. H. T. Stovin, M.R.C.S., 
L.R.C.P., D.A. With 348 illustrations, 68 of which are in full colour from draw- 
ings by J. C. Dollman, R.W.S. Included in the special articles by Dr Stovin is 
one giving hints and instructions on the rearing of butterflies in captivity. 
This new work will be added to the WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND SERIES. 


Price 10/6 net. Coit Booksellers Only.) 


FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C2. 


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Friends and Clients will be distressed to hear that Mr L. W. New oan has been © 


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forward with SURPLUS LIVE STOCK, particularly WINTER PUPAE, such as 
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parcels to L. HUGH NEWMAN, F-.R.E.S., “ The Butterfly Farm,’ Bexley, Kent. 


STUDIBS IN THE GHOGRAPHY, OF LEPIDOPTERA. 


STUDIES IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF LEPIDOPTERA. 
: By E. P. Wittsuire, F.R.E.S. 
13,620...» 


In subsequent articles in this series the author hopes to deal with 
species or ecofaunas, but in this, first, introductory article, he brings 
forward some of his general conclusions reached after at leasti ten years’ 
field work abroad and relevant reading, and also a shorter period! of 
field work in this country. 


I.—TYPES OF EVIDENCK FOR HISTORICAL THEORIES. 

Every creature’s range has been determined by ecological factors 
and also by historical factors, recent or geological. Historical factors, 
as a matter of fact, are only ecological factors not contemporary, and, 
therefore, not possible to study as closely as contemporary ecological 
factors. 

Palaeontological evidence is the best basis for the reconstruction of 
the past history of plants or animals, but it is not the only possible 
basis. A tentative reconstruction may also be based on, taxonomic 
grounds, that is, from a comparison between their present distribution 
and their structural classification ; or alternatively on ecological grounds, 
that is, from a comparison between their present ecology and the known 
geological history of the regions involved. 

Since adequate palaeontological evidence of Lepidoptera has not been 
and probably never wiil be discovered, zoogeographical studies of Lepi- 
doptera should, if possible, be based on both these alternatives. 

The palaeobotany and palaeontology of the Tertiary and Recent epochs 
must be studied, so that the migrations, appearances and extinctions 
of the successive floras and faunas may afford analogies for the Lepi- 
doptera under consideration. Since flowering, plants first appeared in 
the Cretaceous, and: the earliest known lepidopterous fossil is from 
Eocene strata, a knowledge of remoter epochs is not strictly necessary. 
In default cf palaeontological evidence, direct proof of the reconstructed 
history will be lacking, and in Lepidoptera probably the best that can 
be hoped for is that the conclusions based on the above diverse alter- 
native grounds should agree; that would be circumstantial evidence cf 
a persuasive kind. 

Evidence based on ecological analogy becomes less valuable for de- 
ductions involving a remoter period; for the ecological valency of a 
species presumably evolves simultaneously with its taxonomic characters, 
and the ecology of the remoter ancestors of a species cannot be as safely 
inferred from its known ecology as can that of the’more immediate. 
ancestors. It is not, however, unreasonable to suppose that an ancestor, 
if still specificially identical with its present descendant, had a similar 
ecology; indeed, Warnecke has called this supposition ‘‘ the indispens- 
able postulate ’’ underlying all zoogeographical speculation. in cer- 
tain cases, where a taxonomic group of species is sharply characterised 
ecologically (e.g. the hydrophytic-boring group Phragmitiphila- 
Archanara (Nonagria) or the genus Clytie, which is monophagous on 
the genus Tamarix) a similar assumption can be made about He 
‘related but not necessarily identical ancestors. Rarely, -f at all, 
Lepidoptera can the ecology be inferred from the structure of a Fossil 
as it often can be in other Phyla or Orders. 


74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIIT/1944 


For genera or groups whose living members show a wide ecological 
diversity, therefore, the only available grounds for historical ‘theories 
covering the Tertiary Epoch are geographical and taxonomic evidence and 
the mere analogy cf general floral and faunal histories. Dr Verity’s 
theories would seem to be so grounded. Dr Beirne’s theories, which do 
not try to Zo so far back, have a similar basis, except that the emphasis 
is rather on the gecgraphical and geological than the taxonomic evi- 
dence. For groups sharply characterised ecologically, ecological analogy 
would be a good additional basis for theorisation. 

Most of such theorisation is at present impeded by our lack of full 
ecological evidence for the forms and species under consideration and 
by the lack of adequate geological evidence regarding all the regions 
involved. These objections do not apply to Dr Beirne’s findings, which 
are confined to regions well studied geologically and comparatively well 
studied ecologically. While it is most improbable that enough butter- 
fly or moth fossils will be discovered to provide factual proof of lepi- 
doptera-histories, it is not unreasonable to hope that one day our geolo- 
gical and ecological data will render far-reaching theories less specula- 
tive. 

If the above general principles are sound, the following will be the 
more fruitful directions of activity for lepidopterists interested in zoo- 
gcography :—Firstly, taxonomic studies with the aim of grouping 
phylogenetically the geographical forms of a species and the different 
species of a group; secondly, ecological studies, determining the limit- 
ing factors of each species and defining the biotope or biotopes in which 
it is found and its status in each; thirdly, the exploration of little 
known regions with the aim of drawing up faunal lists in which taxono- 
mic and ecological accuracy is essential. On the negative side, these 
lepidopterists should firstly refrain from wasting their energies drawing 
up local lists of well-known territory without ecological precision, and, 
secondly, should restrict their historical theories to the Pleistocene 
Epoch or to groups with a well-characterised ecology. The geography 
of Lepidoptera can also make little progress without the co-operation of 
the geologist abrcad, especially in the close study of Tertiary and Recent 
rocks and deposits, our knowledge of which is still very defective. 
Finally, the lepidopterist-geographer must to a. great extent resign him- 
self to laying the ground-work for the future historical reconstructicns 
that cannot at present safely be made. 


SUBSTITUTE FOOD-PLANTS. 
By D. G. Srevastoruto, F.R.E.S. 


Mr Wiltshire’s recent article under this title in this Journal (1943, lv, 
’ pp. 79-85) has tempted me to classify the hundred and thirty odd species 
of Lepidoptera that I have bred in Calcutta during the last few years, 
and whose food-plants have been identified, on similar lines and see if 
they would also fall into tidy groups. The results were interesting: 136 
species were involved and fed on 70 different food-plants; of these 100 
species feeding on 42 different plants could be connected by starting from 
one plant and listing the species feeding on it, then taking the other 
food-plants of these species and so on. It is possible that an even. 


SUBSTITUTE FOOD-PLANTS. 75 


greater degree of linking up could have been achieved if I had worked 
from recorded food-plants instead of from my own observations in Cal-. 
cutta only. Prodenia litura, F., for instance, is recorded from over 
seventy plants ranging from Cauliflowers to Bananas against the eight 
species on which J have found it. I have not included any Psychids in 
my list, firstly because they seem to be truly polyphagous and can be fed 
first on one thing and then on another without any trouble, and secondly 
because many of the identifications seem open to doubt. 

In the list that follows the species are grouped under the different 
food-plants, the numbers in brackets after certain species referring to 
the other plants on which the species feeds. In a few cases species are 
marked with an asterisk. These are species that have been bred from 
ova laid in captivity and on what was almost certainly an unnatural 
food-plant as only a few stunted imagines were reared. 


1. Michelia champaca (MAGNOLIACEAE). 
Graphium doson, Esp. (Papilionidae)—(2). 
2. Polyalthia longifolia (ANNONACEAE). 
G. doson—(1); Thalassodes quadraria, Guen. (Geometridae). 
3. Tinospora cordifolia (MENISPERMACEAE). 
Altha nivea, Wlk. (Limacodidae)—(61): Ophideres fullonica, L. (Noctuidae): 
Argadesa materna, L. (Noctuidae). 
4. Argemone mexicana (PAPAVERACEAE). 
- Prodenia litura, F. ‘Noctuidae)—(38, 39, 42, 51, 58, 61, 68). 
5. Capparis horrida (CAPPARIDACEAE). 
Leptosia nina, F. (Pieridae): Cepora nerissa, F. (Pieridae): Anapheis aurota, 
F. (Belenois mesentina, Cr.) (Pieridae); Valeria valeria, F. (Pieridae): Por- 
' thesia scintillans, Wlk. (Lymantriidae)—(16, 31, 36, 37, 53, 54, 61). 
6. Flacourtia sp. (BIXACEAE). 
Atella phalanta, Drury (Nymphalidae). 
7. Garden Carnation (CARYOPHYLLACEAE). 
Chloridea obsoleta, F. (Noctuidae)—(51). 
8. Sida rhombifolia (MALVACEAE). 
Syrichtus galba, F. (Hesperiidae). 
9. Garden Hollyhock (MALVACEAE). 
Phytometra eriosoma, Dbl. (Noctuidae): Cosmophila erosa, Hbn: (Noctuidae): 
Sylepta derogata, F. (Pyralidae)—(10). 
10. Hibisctis rosa-sinensis (MALVACEAE). 
S. derogata—(9). 
11. Oxalis corniculata (GERANIACEAE). 
Zizeeria maha, Koll. (Lycaenidae). 
12. Garden Balsam ° (GERANIACEAE). 
Theretra oldenlandiae, F. (Sphingidae)—(68): Zinckenia perspectalis, Cr. 
(Pyralidae). 
13. Citrus spp. (RUTACEAE). 
Papilio polytes, L. (Papilionidae)—(i4): Papilio demoleus, L. (Papilionidae)— 
(14): Chilades laius, Cr. (Lycaenidae). 
14.. Aegle marmelos (RUTACEAE). 
P. polytes—({13); P. demoleus—(18). 
145. Melia azadirachta (MELIACEAE). 
Trabala vishnu, Lef. (Lasiocampidae)—(30, 32, 61). 
16. Zizyphus jujuba (RHAMNACEAE). 
Tarucus nara, Koll. (Lycaenidae): Nola fuscibasalis, Hamps. (Arctiidae): P. 
scintillans—(5, 31, 86, 37, 53, 54, 61): Euproctis guttata, Wlk. (Lymantriidae)— 
(31, 45); Thosea tripartita, Moore (Limacodidae)—(61): Beara dichromella, 
WIk. (Noctuidae); Petelia medardaria, H.-Sch. (Geometridae). 
17. Vitis sp. (VITACEAE). : 
Theretra clotho, Drury (Sphingidae). 
18. Nephelium litchi (SAPINDACEAE). 
Rathinda amor, F. (Lycaenidae)—(34); Pingasa ruginaria, Guen. (Geometridae). 
19. Mangifera indica (ANACARDIACEAE). 
Euthalia garuda, Moore (Nymphalidae): Dasychira mendosa, Hbn. (Lyman- 
triidae)—(31, 36, 61); Lymantria nigra, Moore (Lymantriidae); Lymantria 


29. 


26. 


28. 


31. 


33. 


34. 


30. 


36. 


37. 


38. 


39. 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VIIT/1944 


ampla, Wilk. (Lymantriidae)—(31, 61, 67): Parasa lepida, Cr. (Limacodidae)— 
(25, 26, 32, 33, 67). 


. Garden Pea (LEGUMINOSAE). 


Cosmolyce boeticus, L. (Lycaenidae)—(21). 


. Lupin (LEGUMINOSAB). 


C. boeticus—(20). 


. Aeschynomene indica (LEGUMINOSAE). 


Scopula emissaria, Wik. (Geometridae). — 


. Phaseolus sp. (LEGUMINOSAE). 


Striglina scitaria, W1k. (Thyrididae). 


. Rhynchosia minima (LEGUMINOSAE). 


Zizeeria trochilus, Frr. (Lycaenidae): Mocis undata, F. (Noctuidae): Chal- 
ciope hyppasia, Cr- (Noctuidae). 

Pterocarpus indica (LEGUMINOSAE). 

P. lepida—(19, 26, 32, 33, 67). 

Cassia fistula (LEGUMINOSAE). : 
Catopsilia crocale, Cr: (Pieridae)—(27): Catopsilia pomona, F. (Pieridae)—(27): 
Stauropus alternus, W1k. (Notodontidae)—(61); Xyleuwtes leuconotus, Wl1k. (Cos- 
sidae)—(Internal feeder); Thosea cana, Wlk. (Limacodidae): P. lepida—(19, 
2%, 32, 33, 67): Ericeia inangulata, Guen. (Noctuidae): Buzura suppressaria, 
Guen. (Geometridae)—(27, 31, 45); Trachylepidia fructicassiella, Rag. (Pyrali- 
dae)—(Seeds); Phryganodes analis, Snell. (Pyralidae). 

Cassia Siamea (LEGUMINOSAE). 

C. crocale—(26): C. pomona—(26); B. suppressaria—!26, 31, 45). 

Albizzia stipulata (LEGUMINOSAE). 

Polydesma umbricola, Bsd. (Noctuidae). 

Garden Rose (ROSACEAE). 

Trypanophora semihyalina, Koll. (Zygaenidae)—(31, 32, 33, 45, 61): Achaea 
melicerte, Drury (Noctuidae)—(61); Thalassodes veraria, Guen. (Geometridae) 
—(35). 

Quisqualis indica (COMBRETACEAE). 

Rapala schistaceae, Moore (Lycaenidae); Roeselia fola, Swinh. (Arctiidae); 
Euproctis subfasciata, Wlk. (Lymantriidae): T. vishnu—(15, 32, 61); Eupterote 
undata, Blch. (Eupterotidae)—(52, €0, 67, 69); Anwa coronata, F. (Noctuidae). 
Lagerstroemia indica (LYTHRACEAE). 

T. semihyalina—(29, 32, 33, 45, 61); D. mendosa—(19, 36, 61): Orgyia postica, 
Wilk. (Lymantriidae); LZ. ampla—(i9, 61, 67); Leuwcoma submarginata, W1k. 
(Lymantriidae)*;: Porthesia xanthorrhoea, Koll. (Lymantriidae): P. scintil- 
lans—(5, 16, 36, 37, 53, 54, 61); E. guttata—(16, 45): Eupterote geminata, W1k. 
(Eupterotidae); Natada swffwsa, Moore (Limacodidae)—(45): Selepa celtis, 
Moore (Noctuidae); Symitha nolalella, Wlk. (Noctuidae)—(32): B. suppres- 
saria—(26, 27, 45). 


. Lagerstroemia flos-reginae (LYTHRACEAE). 


T. semihyalina—(29, 31, 33, 45, 61): T. vishnu—(15, 30, 61); P. lepida-—(19, 25, 26, 
33, 67); S. nolalella—(31). 

Gardenia florida ‘RUBIACEAE). 

T. semihyalina—(29, 31, 32, 45, 61): Cephonodes hylas, L. (Sphingidae)—(34): 
P. lepida—(19, %, 26, 32, 67). 

Ixora coccinea (RUBIACEAE). 

R. amor—(18); C. hylas—(33). 

Garden Chrysanthemum (COMPOSITAE). 

T. veraria—(29). 

Garden Sunflower (COMPOSITAE). ; 
Diacrisia obliqua, W1k. (Arctiidae)—(39, 49, 51); D. mendosa—(19, 31, 61@; P. 
scintillans—(5, 16, 31, 37, 53, 54, 61). 

Orange Cosmos (COMPOSITAE). : 

Amata passalis, F. (Syntomidae)*—(39*); Amata cyssea, Cr. (Syntomidae)*— 
(39*); Amsacta lineola, F. (Arctiidae)*; Creatonotus transiens, Wlk. (Arcti- 
idae)—(39, 69); P. scintillans—(5, 16, 31, 36, 53, 54, 61): Prospalta capensis, 
Guen. (Noctuidae)—(41). 

Garden Zinnia (COMPOSITAE). 

P. litura—(4, 39, 42, 51, 58, 61, 68). 

Garden Dahlia (COMPOSITAE). 

A. passalis*—(37*); A. cyssea*—(37*): D. obliqua—(36, 49, 51): C. transiens— 
(37, 69); Pericallia ricini, F. (Arctiidae)—(61); Utetheisa lotrix, Cr. (Arctiidae)* 
—(49); P. litura—(4, 38, 42, 51, 58, 61, 68), 


61. 


SUBSTITUTE FOOD-PLANTS. (a0 


Garden Coreopsis (COMPOSITAE). - 
Prospalta pallidipennis, Warr. (Noctuidae). 


. Garden Calendula {COMPOSITAF). 


P. capensis—(87). 


. Garden Lettuce (COMPOSITAE). 


P. litura—(4, 38, 39, 51, 58, 61, 68). 


. Mimusops elengi (SAPOTACEAE). 


Metanastria hyrtaca, Cr. (Lasiocampidae). 


. Jasminum sambac (OLEACEAE). 


Glyphodes unionalis, Hbn. (Pyralidae); Lepyrodes neptis, Cr. (Pyralidae). 


. Carissa carandas (APOCYNACEAE). 


Euploea core, Cr. (Danaidae)—(47, 63); T. semihyalina—(29, 31, 32, 33, 61); 
Euproctis lunata, Wlk. (Lymantriidae); E. guttata—(16, 31): Estigena par- 
dalis, Wlk. (Lasiocampidae); Nephele didyma, F. (Sphingidae); N. suffusa— 
(31); Agathia laetata, F. (Geometridae)—(47); B. suppressaria—(26, 27, 31). 
Tabernaemontana coronaria (APOCYNACEAE). 

Deilephila nerii, L. (Sphingidae)—(47); Glyphodes vertumnalis, Guen. (Pyra- 
lidae). 


. Nerium odorum (APOCYNACEAE). 


E. core—(45, 63); D. nerii—(46); A. laetata—(45): Agathia lycaenaria, Koll. 


. Calotropis procera (ASCLEPIADACEAE). 


Danaus chrysippus, L. (Danaidae); Pyrausta incoloralis, Guen. (Pyralidae). 


. Heliotropium indicum (BORAGINACEAE). 


D. obliqua—(36, 39. 51); U. lotrix—(39*); Utetheisa pulchelloides, Hamps. 
(Arctiidae). 


. Ipomoea palmata (CONVOLVULACEAE). 


Herse convolvuli, L. (Sphingidae). 


. Garden Antirrhinum (SCROPHULARIACEAE). 


D. obliqua—(36, 39, 49); P. litura—(4, 38, 39, 42, 58, 61, 68); C. obsoleta—(7); 
Phytometra jessica, Btlr. (Noctuidae). 


. Lantana camara (VERBENACEAE). 


E. undata—(30, 60, 67, 69). 


. Lantana sellowiana (VERBENACEAE). 


P. scintillans—(5, 16, 31, 36, 37, 54, 61); Scopila cleoraria, W1k. (Geometridae). 


. Clerodendrum infortunatum (VERBENACEAE). 


P. scintillans—(5, 16, 31, 36, 37, 53, 61). = 


. Duranta ellisii (VERBENACEAE). 


Acherontia lachesis, F. (Sphingidae). 


. Boerhaavia repens (NYCTAGINACEAE). 


Hippotion boerhaviae, F. (Sphingidae). 


. Amaranthus sp. (AMARANTACEAB). 


Ilattia octo, Guen. (Noctuidae). 


. Spinacia oleracea (CHENOPODIACEAE). 


P. litura—(4, 38, 39, 42, 51, 61, 68). 


. Aristolochia sp. (ARISTOLOCHIACEAE). 


Polydorus aristolochiae, F. (Papilionidae). 


. Alseodaphne semecarpifolia (LAURACEAE). ° 


Chilasa clytia, L. (Papilionidae): FE. wndata—(30, 52, 67, 69). 

Ricinus communis (EUPHORBIACEAE). 

Ergolis merione, Cr. (Nymphalidae): T. semihyalina—(29, 31, 32, 33, AB) i Bee 
ricini—(39); D. mendosa—(19, 31, 36): L. ampla—(19, 31, 67): P. scintillans—(5, 
16, 31, 36, 37, 53, 54); T. vishnu—(15, 30, 32): S. alternus—(26): N. suffusa—(31); 
T. tripartita—(16); A. nivea—(3); Narosa doenia, Moore (Limacodidae); P. 
litura—(4, 38, 39, 42, 51, 58, 68); A. melicerte—(29); Parallelia algira, L. (Noc- 
tuidae); Hyposidra talaca, Wlk. (Geometridae): Dichocrocis punctiferalis, 
Guen. (Pyralidae)—(seeds). m4 


. Streblus asper (URTICACEAE). 


Ocinara varians, W1k. (Bombycidae)—(63, 64). 


. Ficus religiosa (URTICACEAE). 


E. core—(45, 47); Aganais ficus, F. (Arctiidae); O. varians—(62, 64): Perina 
nuda, F. (Lymantriidae)—(64); Attatha ino, Drury (Noctuidae); Glyphodes 
bivitralis, Guen. (Pyralidae). 


. Ficus bengalensis (URTICACEAE). 


O. varians—(62, 63); P. nuda—(63). 
Ficus hispida (URTICACEAE). . 


‘Asota caricae, Bsd. (Arctiidae). 


78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ~ 15/ VIII /1944 


66. LILIACEAE generally. 
Polytela gloriosae, F. (Noctuidae); Calogramma festiva, Don. (Noctuidae). 

67. PALMACEAE generally. 
Elymnias hypermnestra, L. (Satyridae): Suastus gremius, F. (Hesperiidae); 
L. ampla—(19, 31, 61); E. wndata—(30, 52, 60, 69); Thosea loesa, Moore (Lima- 
codidae); P. lepida—(19, 25, 26, 32, 33). 

68. AROIDBAE generally. 
T. oldenlandiae—(12): Theretra pinasirina, Mart. (Sphingidae): Rhyncholaba 
acteus, Cr. (Sphingidae): P. litura—(4, 38, 39, 42, 51, 58, 61). 

69. Grasses (GRAMINEAE). 
Mycalesis perseus, F. (‘(Satyridae): Mycalesis visala, Moore (Satyridae); 
Ypthima huebneri, Kirby (Satyridae): Melanitis leda, L. (Satyridae); Baoris 
zelleri, Led. (Hesperiidae); C. transiens—(37, 39); Dasychira pennatula, F. 
(Lymantriidae); Laelia exclamaticnis, Koll. (Lymantriidae); EF. uwndata—({30, 
52, 60, 67); Agrotis spinifera, Hbn. (Noctuidae); Sideridis insularis, Btlr. 
(Noctuidae); Sideridis yu, Guen. (Noctuidae); Sideridis venalba, Moore (Noc- 
tuidae); Spodoptera mauritia, Psd. (Noctuidae); Spodoptera pecten, Guen. 
(Noctuidae); Spodoptera ciliwm, Guen. (Noctuidae); Mocis frugalis, F. (Noc- 
tuidae). 

70. Bamboo (GRAMINEAE). ; 
Matapa aria, Moore (Hesperiidae); Astycus pythias, Mab. (Hesperiidae); Croci- 
dophora ptyophora, Hamps. (Pyralidae). 


Calcutta, 2.iv.44. 


NEW FOREST AND DISTRICT NOTES. 
By S. G. CastLe RUSSELL. 


In continuation of my Notes in your last issue, since Ist May there 
has been very little increase in the number of butterflies on the wing, 
perhaps due to the persistent cold winds that blow from all directions. 
Although the Hightliffe and New Milton district is well wooded with 
several promising looking localities, daily walks through these have dis- 
closed nothing but an occasional Pararge aegeria, L., Pararge megera, 
L., Gonepteryx rhamni, Linu., and the common ‘‘ whites.’’ Most of the 
butterflies in the neighbourhood congregate on a small sheltered length 
of the local railway bank. Here are to be seen in small numbers all the 
species that inhabit this district. On 2nd May I saw here three male 
Colas croceus, Fourcy., but I have seen none since, and fear that the 
sudden cold and windy blitz that set in at that day was too much for 
the colony that may have arrived on this coast. Recently, whilst de- 
scending the bank to look at a Q Lycaena phiaeas, L., I disturbed, quite - 
close, a white form which after capture and examination turned out to 
be a small male in fresh condition of a colour intermediate between ab. 
alba and ab. schmidti. Shortly after, much to my surprise, I netted a 
fresh male of Melitaea cinxia, L. This I surmise has arrived from the 
I. of Wight, the nearest place where it occurs, some 12 miles as the crow 
flies. I know of a local collector who is running a number of the larvae, 
but he tells me that no. imago has as yet emerged in his cages. In past 
years a few have been seen on the wing at Hurst Castle in the very 
limited area there, and along this coast there are undercliffs which might 
well harbour the species. From my own experience I know that M. 
cinxia, like M. aurinia, will wander many miles away from its place of 
birth, or where it has been put down for stocking purposes. 

On 18th May I went to the Ladycross district in company with Mr 
Clarke of Brockenhurst. The weather was against us, however, and in 


TERMINOLOGY IN NATURAL SCIENCE. 79 


consequence of rain and absence of sunshine very few insects were seen 
on the wing.. A few larvae of Limenitis camilla, L., were found on 
honeysuckle low on the ground, where they were not very apparent. I 
think that for every larva found at least a dozen must be passed un- 
observed. In those past seasons when this butterfly was very abundant 
the larvae could easily be found on honeysuckle climbing around trees, 
but few are seen there nowadays. This species, like most others, is sub- 
ject to fluctuations in point of numbers, and to-day they are sharing 
the scarcity exhibited by other species in the Forest. 

On 20th May I spent the day in two of the Southern group of Forest 
enclosures, and although favoured with some nice spells of sunshine I 
saw only half-a-dozen Argynmis euphrosyne, L., and a few G. rhamni 
and P. megera. Three or four i. camilla larvae were located and beat- 
ing oak trees produced only one Thecla quercus. The Southern group of 
enclosures seem to be denuded of butterfly life, for no apparent reason, 
as this scarcity existed before the Forest was requisitioned for timber. 
All these enclosures are but little frequented and very little collected. 
Holmesley enclosure had grown so dense and negiected that it is not 
surprising that the butterflies deserted it, but the other enclosures 
seemed suitable for them. They have all now been ravaged by the wood- 
cutters and the open spaces cleared, already planted, or being planted 
with young fir trees. The Forest generally appears to be well on the 
way to becoming a second ‘‘ Black Forest ’’ of pines. The enclosures in 
the central part of the Forest still retain a fair modicum of butterflies, 
although in woefully small numbers as compared with former years. 
Like the good old days of Queen Victoria, abundance of any species 1s 
a thing of the past. 

On 22nd May I paid a visit to the enclosures near Brockenhurst, but 
as I was favoured with only two ten-minute periods of sunshine during 
the whole day I had not much opportunity of judging of the numbers 
of insects about. So far as I could see, A. euphrosyne.would have been 
plentiful had the weather been more suitable. 


TERMINOLOGY IN NATURAL SCIENCE. 


Ill. The attention of authors and writers of Notes and those re- 
sponsible for the publication of articles containing references to the 
Lycaemdae is directed to the basis of the terminology of the wonderfully 
well recorded variation of Lysandra (Polyommatus) coridon in the 
volume compiled by Bright and Leeds. 

The terminology used in this volume is of two kinds: (1) Varietal 
Names, which have for the most part been bestowed by observers to 
designate an example which differs in some more or less obvious pecu- 
larity and often affords no indication of the character of the aberra- 
tion. All such are noted in text by being placed in Italics, some even 
being the Latinized names of persons. 

(2) It is obvious to all observers that the great majority of aberrant 
forms diverge from the nominotypical form by more than one, often 
_may be half 1 dozen, characters, particularly in the Rhopalocera. 

These compound aberrations could not be indicated by a single name, 
so Bright and Leeds selected a large number of Terms each designating 


80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIIL/1944 


a particular aberrant character, and the combination of two or more of 
these ‘‘ terms ’’ have adequately indicated the particular characters of 
the aberrant example intended. Such cannot be called names, but are 
phrases, descriptions, comparable to the. descriptions of pre-Linnean 
days before the use of the binomial nomenclature. It must be pointed 
out that these phrases are far more useful than a name which does not 
indicate the insect, but which has to be a matter of memory only for 
association of name and insect. Therefore it is practically impossible to 
Index these aberrations with the names, form and species, and no Italics 
should be used for these descriptions and no authority is needed. The 
point is that Names cannot be employed here and therefore Italics are 
useless and superfluous.—Hy. J. T. 


OBSERVATIONS ON LEPIDOPTERA IN A LITTLE KNOWN AREA 
OF S. AMERICA. (A REVIEW.) 


By Gy.os. 


Our correspondent and friend, Kenneth J. Hayward of the Argentine 
and now located at Tucuman far up the country, has edited a series of 
Biological Notes on Moths made by the late Rudolpho Schreiter, a very 
observant and ardent entomologist. Hayward has carefully edited these 
notes and expanded them with his own experiences and his knowledge 
of the literature such as the work of Seitz and of Dr Jordan, and much 
extracted from the Argentine natural history records. It is published 
in the initial volume of De Acta Zoologica. Lilloana del Instituto Miguel 
Inllo, 1, 7-44, plts. I-X XVI (several coloured). 

These Notes begin with Observations on the Mass Movement of the 
Argentine form of Pieris phileta, ssp. monuste, the larvae of which oc- 
curred in enormous numbers in the summer of 1930 on Capparis sps., 
etc., shrubs. The record of the subsequent Mass Movements which took 
place in the following December 1930 and January 1931 is described, 
with plate I showing a gathering of the imagines on an Araucaria ready 
for their dispersal flight. Notes are added on the Movements of other 
species of Insects in the Tucuman area. Then follow notes with text 
figures on the larvae and pupae of the Danaid R. hymenaea, the Nym- 
phalids Hypanartia lethe and Chlorippe burmeisteri (plt. III), and of 
Inbythea carinenta. The subsequent Notes nearly all relate to species 
of Lepidoptera usually placed in the ‘‘ omnium gatherum ’”’ Bombyces, 
all being well illustrated on the appended plates. 

The three species with processionary larvae, which occur locally, are 
Titya candida and T. incerta with Artace rubricosta. The larvae of the 
two former species are polyphagous, devouring arborescent Leguminosae, 
Rhamnaceae, Salicaceae, and the quebracha trees, etc., thus affording 
opportunity for continuous observation not possible in the case of the 
species of our European pine forests. All three species are Lasiocampids. 
There is a plate of a ‘‘ procession ’’ on a trunk of Acacia macrantha, 
and dorsal and lateral views of a larva of T. tucwmana, a quite recently 
recognized species, of which the dorsal view shows the lateral tufts of 
thick hairs not obvious in the lateral, a camouflage exhibited by the 
larvae of our Catocala sps. 


OBSERVATIONS ON LEPIDOPTERA IN A LITTLE KNOWN AREA OF S. AMERICA. 81 


South America is well known as being the home of many brilliant 
Saturniids, and of such Schreiter was a keen observer and made many 
notes. The writer of this review possesses a few examples of most of 
them, sent him by his correspondents. On one occasion he referred 
them to the late Lord Rothschild for information on them. The answer 
was that so little was known of them that it was impossible even to name 
them with certainty. The late Dr Packard collected in three magnifi- 
cently illustrated volumes, issued in the early years of this century in 
the U.S.A., all that was known about them; since when but little has 
been added, and these notes made on the spot by a reliable local observer 
are of considerable interest and use in most cases. Of the genus Roths- 
childia three species are commented on, and two older known R. maurus 
and R. arethusa and the more recently described R. condor, Stdgr.? 
(1925), of which last is included a fuil-sized coloured figure of the larva, 
there is a figure of the larva of R. maurus on the same plate. The genus 
Automeris is well recognised by the very conspicuous ‘‘ eye’ occupying 
the hindwing. Of this genus some six species are dealt with, imagines 
(both sexes), larvae and cocoons are figured; viz. A. stuarti, A. amanda, 
A. aspersa, A. incisa, A. naranja and A. oberthuru. A short note on 
Copazxa canella and its polymorphic forms, sexual and local, with several 
figures of the imago, id given. 

A Sphingid species, Sesia tantalus, feeds on species of Rubiaceae. 
The description of the larva, which is said to be easily confounded with 
those of the genus Protoparce. is given. This species differs from the 
S. titan, Cram., by the three hyaline semilunular spots in the forewing, 
by the absence of the white basal spots in the hindwings and by the less 
alar expanse. The author refers to another form or species ? of Sesia 
he observed at Oran in the province of Salta. 

The finding of the larvae of two species of Mimallonidae is recorded, 
Cicinnus cordubensis and C. despecta; also of three species of Megalopy- 
gidae, viz., Podalia nigrocostata, Megalopyga vulpima and M. nuda, 
of each of which the foodplant is given. 

Many details of the life-histories of three species of the large sized 
Adelocephalidae are given: (1) Polyodonta arsenura, a grand species 
seldom found in the Tucuman province, but coming from the warmer 
region of Salta; there is a coloured picture of the larva. (2) The very 
uncommon Citheronia vogleri with figures of ¢ and Q and of the larva. 
(3) Figures of the more or less diminutive form of the ssp. tucumana of 
the extremely fine Hacles imperialis, so admirably figured in Packard’s 
volumes. 

The only Microlepidoptera referred to is a Yponomeutid, Atteva 
punctella, the larvae of which feed on the Lauraceous shrubs in the sub- 
tropical portion of the Province of Tucuman in countless numbers, be- 
coming a real pest. 

A single Geometrid species is included, Panthera wnciaria, ‘‘ Probably 
one of the most common of the night-flying moths of Tucuman,’’ the 
larvae of which feed on low plants of the family Urticaceae from Novem- 
ber to March in incredible numbers. 

Of the Cossidae two species are treated: (1) Zeuzera melanoleuca, 
whose larvae feed in the stems of Celtis tala, and probably in other 
species of Allmaceae; (2) Xyleutes strigillata, whose larvae feed in the 
stems of Saliz species. 


82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VIIL/1944 


This publication is an extremely well written and useful record of 
local observation in a little known area in North-West Argentina. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


DELAYED EXPANSION OF THE WINGS IN LeprpopTERA.—On 4th March 
1944 a male Sterrha aversata, L., emerged some time between 10 a.m. 
and 1 p.m., but at 10 p.m. its wings showed no sign of expanding. When 
I looked at it at 10 o’clock the next morning expansion was complete and 
perfect. As a rule the wings in this species begin to expand soon after 
emergence and expansion is rapid. My pupae were kept in a warm 
cupboard, but when I saw the moth had emerged I put it into a glass- 
topped box and left it in my bedroom, which was rather cold, and possibly 
the removal to a much colder atmosphere was the cause of the delay. 
Many similar records are scattered in entomological literature. For 
example Miss Fountaine says that a Doritis apollinus waited for 24 
hours before beginning to expand its wings and then three of them ex- 
panded perfectly (M. E. Fountaine, Entomol., 1902, 35, 61). Expansion 
was delayed for many hours in the case of a male Poecilopsis lapponaria 
which I bred. <A short discussion took place at the City of London En- 
tomological Society, in which ‘‘ Mr May said he had found that, if well 
shaken up in a pill-box, male Apocheima hispidaria expanded their 
wings, although they had been out of the pupa for some hours without 
showing the least sign of the usual expansion. Other members men- 
tioned instances of Lepidoptera having only expanded after remaining 
unexpanded an unreasonable time since their emergence from pupa. 
Mr Tutt said that Lepidoptera (Aglais urticae in particular) might be 
removed from their pupa-shells some hours before they were due to 
emerge, and, if the thin membrane swathing the various parts had been 
carefully removed, they would wait till they were matured, and then the 
wings would expand as usual” (Trans. City of London Ent. and N.H. 
Soc., 1895-96, 10). It happens fairly frequently with Chesias rufata and 
C. legatella, and I recorded a delay of 10 to 12 hours in the former 
species, but with Lithostege griseata it is quite a usual event, and in 
my own experience expansion may be delayed up to 66 hours and yet be 
completed successfully (Hntomol., 1913, 46, 246). fi 

The real interest is that in these cases of delayed expansion the wings 
remain soft for many hours, though they harden normally when expan- 
sion is complete, whereas in a normal moth the wings harden very soon 
after they have expanded. Hardening cannot be due to exposure to 
the air. The only explanation I can offer is that at some period between 
the time when expansion has begun and when it has finished a chemical 
substance is released into the blood and hardens the soft ‘‘ chitin,’’ pre- 
sumably by altering its chemical constitution. If this is correct it is 
another example of a circulating hormone in the Insecta.—E. A. 
CockayNnE, D.M., 16 Westbourne Street, London, W.2. 


PreRIs NAPI, L., FROM THE WHITEHOUSE CoLLEcTION.—In the Ent. 
Rec., LVI:1 your correspondent refers to a specimen of P. napi which 
constituted Lot 8 at the sale of the first portion of the Whitehouse 
collection as ‘‘ having one side albino.’’ This is obviously a copy from 
the catalogue description, and it will be clear to anyone who has seen 


CURRENT NOTES. 83 


the specimen in question that it is erroneously described. It is not an 
albino, but has one side completely devoid of both the forewing spotting 
and the dark scales on the ‘‘ veins’’ of both wings. Phenotypically it 
gives the impression of being half P. napi and half P. rapae, ab. imma- 
culata. J have seen P. nap similarly ‘‘ obsolete ’’ on both sides, but his 
one is, as far as I know, the only specimen exhibiting this phenomenon 
on one side only. It was one of a brood bred by Mr L. W. Newman from 
a batch of local larvae which also produced several gynandromorphic 
examples, all of which I purchased.—J. ANTony THompson, M.A., 
oR. ES. 


GYNANDROMORPHIC ARGYNNIS PAPHIA, L.—With regard to Mr HE. P. 
Wiltshire’s note in your last number of the Record, the history of the 
insect to which he refers is as follows:—At a meeting of the South 
London Entomological and Natural History Society held on the 8th 
November 1900, Mr W. F. Urwick exhibited ‘‘ an hermaphrodite (sic) 
variety of Argynnis paphia, L. Right wings var. valezina; left wings. 
ordinary type ¢ with the exception of a dark splash towards the base 
(vide Entomologist for October 1900). Captured on 28th July near Lynd- 
hurst.’’ On the label beneath the insect is the date and name of captor 
(E. Wiltshire) in handwriting. 

At the sale of Mr Urwick’s collection, some years after, the insect was 
bought by Sir Vauncy Harpur Crewe for £13. At the sale of the latter’s 
collection it was bought by the late Mr P. M. Bright. for £15. It was 
again sold in January 1942 at the sale of the P. M. Bright collection 
and bought by the late Sir E. A. Whitehouse for £15. At the White- 
house sale in January 1944 it was sold for £20. The writer happened 
to be present at each of these sales. 

The similarity of the captor’s name to that of Mr E. P. Wiltshire is 
merely a coincidence. The name is not of great rarity in Hampshire 
and in the current editions of the South Hants Telephone Directories it 
occurs some 14 times, three of them having the first initial E. No one 
who is acquainted with Mr Wiltshire would accuse him of taking credit 
for an insect caught, as he says, ten years before he was born.—S. G. 
Castitp Russet, Highcliffe on Sea. 


CURRENT NOTES. 


THANKS to our subscribers, matter has come in, and we are going 
to publish the August and September numbers separately. This will 
also satisfy our advertisers. We may be late as our publishers get more 
and more handicapped by loss of staff. 


WHEN the ‘‘ mass-movement ”’ of insects began to attract the atten- 
tion of nature students the word ‘‘ migration’? was used without the 
slightest thought that this term carried centuries of implications from 
its exclusive use in human and other vertebrata association, and in no 
way could carry its significance if used in relation to a section of the 
animal world as the invertebrate insects. In the former use it was 
under a control of a mind of consciousness and thought aided by accu- 
mulated experience, such as was impossible in the latter. The word 
‘“ mass-movement ’’ used above seems to be as simple as possible and 


84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIII / 1944 


without complications or inferences in its use and meaning. This term 
gives us not the slightest influence of the origin of the movement as does 
the term ‘‘ migration.’’ It is a purely distinctive term. Whereas we 
have been able to ascertain the causes of ‘‘ migration ’’ with probable 
certainty, the cause or causes of ‘‘ mass-movement’’ among insects are 
awaiting discovery. Even now, only one or two.instances of the locality 
from which the mass observed hak assembled before moving, are known. 


REVIEW. 


We have received a separate from the Bulletin of Entomological 
Research entitled ‘‘ The Larvae of Lepidoptera Associated with Stored 
Products,’’ sent to us by the author, H. E. Hinton, Ph.D., of the En- 
_tomological Department of the British Museum. It is based on a care- 
ful study of the larval setae, or hairs, which are external structures 
situated in relatively definite positions and thus are readily examined 
on the living larvae without the technique of microscopical preparation. 
These structures were brought to the notice of the readers of our maga- 
zine by the late J. W. Tutt some forty or more years ago. In the third 
of Tutt’s small volumes of Practical Hints for Lepidopterists were given 
two or three pages of simple notes illustrated by two admirable diagram- 
matic plates of setal arrangements in different segments of the larva. 

In his remarks on larval! descriptions Hinton writes: ‘‘ The vast 
majority of the existing descriptions of the larvae of the Lepidoptera 
are based solely on colour and size, and, whatever may be the case as 
regards the Macro-lepidoptera, these descriptions are of very little 
value for the purpose of identifying the larvae of the Micro-lepidoptera. 
For example, the standard handbook of the British Lepidoptera by 
Meyrick (1928) describes the larvae of the common clothes moth, Tineola 
biselliella, as follows: ‘‘ Larva whitish; head brown.’’ {Jt is clear that 
such a description will apply equally well to the majority of the Micro- 
lepidoptera and to many of the Macrolepidoptera. Although this de- 
scription is short it is by no means unusually so. Even in the case of 
the more detailed descriptions of colour, such as those given by Buckler 
(1901) and Barrett (1904) for the larvae of the Pyralidae, the complete 
absence of any structural characters make them for the most part equally 
useless. Nor is the situation much better, as regards the illustrations 
given by these and other authors. When the larvae have striking or un- 
usual colour patterns, these illustrations are adequate, but the coloured 
drawings of the majority of the Microlepidoptera cannot be relied on 
for the positive Hee Sea o the species, however much they may 
appeal to the aesthetic senses.’ 

The author then describes how he has asea the setae for his purpose, 
the system or parts of systems he has adopted from the studies of 
others, especially Fracker (1918) and Forbes (1923), and the terms he 
has adopted. This is succeeded by a Key to the larvae dealt with. The 
rest of the work, largely illustrated by diagrams, takes the various 
species in order of Families. It concludes with a short Bibliography of 
the references. The paper is one of great practical use, based on all the 
best and reliable researches up to date.—Hy. J. T. 


os ps 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (153) 


ab. olivacea, Lenz., Oest. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 251 (1917). 
Fre.—l.c., plt. xiv, 4. 
Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ Pale yellowish.”’ 


~ ab. medionigra, Lenz., Oest. Schm. Sudbay., Ii (2), 251 (1917). 
Fig.—l.c., plt. xiv, 2, 6, 7. 
Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ With blackish darkening in the middle area, 
especially between the stigmata; with green ground colour.”’ 


Aplecta, Gn. (1852), Dup., Hb. [Rhyacia, Hb. (1821), Warr.-Stz. : 
Lycophotia, Hb. (1821), Humph. & Wstw.: Hurois, Hb. (1821), Barr., 
Sth., Drdt.: Agrotis, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr., Stdgr., Splr., Culot 
& Meyr.: Polia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Steph., Curtis, Bdv., H.-S.] 
occulta, L. (1758). 


Putt, Brit: Noct:, Lil, 66 (892): Meyr:., Hand., 96-G895) :. Barr., 
Lep. Br. 1., 1V, 106, pit: 150, 1 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., I1led., 153 (1901): 
Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV, 533 (1908): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 165, plt.-36, 2 
(1905): South, M.B.J., I, 236, plt. 117, 3-4 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. 
Noges Ml, -53. pit. lig, th (1909): Culot, N. et &., 1 GQ), 93, plt..15, f. 
16; plt. 16, f. 16-17 (1909): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 99 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., 
Pal. Noct. Supp., Il, 87, plt. 10e (1932). 


Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VI, 95, f. 336 a, b (1788), gave two very 
good figures and pointed out that the hindwings were much shorter 
than the forewings. The figures were only sparsely marked with white 
scaling. 

Esper., Abbild. Noct., IV, 400, plt. 131, 5 (1789+), figured this 
species under the name trimaculosa. Werneb., Beitr., II, 48, called it 
hepatica, Clerck (tincta, Tr.), which it certainly cannot be from absence 
of all reddish-brown coloration. 

View., Tabell. Brand., II, 55 (1790), listed it as advena. 

Bork., Naturg. Noct., IV, 542 (1793), said that Fabricius apparently 
was uncertain as to what this species was (Mantissa, II, 166) and 
that the descriptions by Linné (Fn. S.), Hufn. (Berl. Mag.), Schiff. 
(Verz.), Esper (Abbild., IV), View. (Tabell.), were not in accord and 
even attributed it to other species. Villers gave two descriptions of 
occulta (Ent. Linn., I1, 224, 649), which did not agree with each = 
the earlier one follow ed the Linn. description. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 79 (1800-3), gave an excellent figure, perhaps too 
light in ground colour. 

Treit., Schm. Noct., V (2), 53 (1826), summed up the non-recognition 
by old authors very shortly and gave the strong recognition characters 
from other allied species, viz., the pure white fringes of the hindwings, 
the conspicuous bluish-white wide transverse lines, and the particular 
pattern of the forewing. It is related to nebulosa. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 386, plt. 97, 2 (1826), gave a good figure, but 
some of the black marking was too emphasized. In the Supp., III, 592, 
‘plt. 49, 4 (1836), he gave a figure of the form implicata, Lef., treating 
it as a good species. A very good figure, dark grey with very dark grey 
markings edged with black lines, but his description does not agree. He 


(154) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIIT/ 1944 


speaks of two denticulate, whitish lines; two stigmata with black cen- — 
tres; a conspicuous white orbicular; the reniform of an obscure grey 
hardly to be distinguished from the ground colour. The hindwings are 
of a colour I do not call sooty black as they are termed. The figure is 
somewhat smaller but the description does not mention size. 


Curtis, Brit. Entomology, VI, plt. 248 (1829), gave an excellent figure. 


_ Freyer, Beitr., I, 30, plt. x (1827), gave a good figure and in the text 
he gave an econ of breeding this species from the egg. 


H.-S., Sys. Bearb. Noct., II, 263 (1850), said that the figure Hb. 79 
’ was Sonate too narrow ail the orbicular large, and that implicata 
was very near the typical form. . 

Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 76 (1852), treated implicata as a separate species. 
His Hekeniption of it is a description of the typical form of occulta, of 
which species he has given no description. In this he has been followed 
by Stdgr., and to an extent by Hampson. Gn. described it as smaller, 
more unicolorous, paler, more pinkish, less cloudy, wings not so oblong, 
lines less angular, the reniform is straighter, the terminal markings 
smaller, the thorax more uniform. 

Newman, Brit. Moths, 406 (1869), gave two very good figures (b. and 
w.), one typical and the other the black Scottish form. 

Stder., Cat., IIled., 153 (1901), included implicata, Lef., and extri- 
cata, Zett., as synonyms, and passeti, Th.-Mg., much more: obscure, 
with implicata, Lef., smaller, forewings obscure dull grey without 
markings (obsolescent). His description of implicata is .an absolute 
error in which he followed Gn. 

Spuler, Schm. EHur., I, 165, plt. 36, 2 (1905), gave a very good figure 
of the grey typical form with more white features than usual. He dealt 
with the forms implicata, extricata and ab. pallida, but strange to say - 
does not mention the really black form passetit. 

Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV (2), 533 (1903), only gave ab. implicata and 
ab. passetit. 

South, M.B.I., fe 236, pli. 117, 3-4 (1907), gave two excellent figures. 
The typical grey Weim and the black form passetu. He referred to a 
paler form and also to the evanescent rosy flush in very fresh examples 
and to intermediate forms between the two forms figured. 

Rebel (in Berge, Ed. 9), plt. 30, f. 10b (1910), gave a good figure of 
the typical form, rather on the light side. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 53, plt. 1lg, h, treated of the typical 
light grey suffused more or less with dark grey; the nearly black f. wm- 
plicata, Lef., to which they place passetiui, Th.-Mg., and aethiops, Robs., 
as synonyms; and the intermediate ab. extricata, Zett. The figures are 
not at all satisfactory and fail to depict the beautiful specimens one sees 
in collections. 

Culot, N. et G., I (1), 98, plt. 15, 16; plt. 16, 16-17 (1909), gave three 
good figures: 1, occulta, grey with dark grey markings; 2, passeti, the 
black form; and 3, implicata, the dark grey with black markings. He 
also dealt with pallida, Splr., and with extricata, Zett. 

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 87, plt. 10e (1933), fomred 10e, 
the type form of wmplicata now in theloporehur collection ; this is a grey 
form more or less like grisea named by Hannemann, wien is a mono- 
tonous grey form whereas in implicata the grey is varied with darker 
markings. Ab. pallida, Splr., is paler and smaller. Form passetu, 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (155) 


Th.-Mg., is the black form, some of which are very beautiful. Ab. roseo- 
virgata with rosy beautiful marking when quite fresh, which, however, 
is very fugitive. Ab. rectangulata, Stphan., in which the posterior 
transverse band forms a right angle below the costa. They describe two 
new forms, fumea, plt. 10e, from the Jli territory, and tibetica, plt. 10e. 


Of the Variation Barrett said: 

In freshly emerged specimens, especially those of the typical grey 
colouring, there is sometimes a beautiful tinge of faint purplish red 
dispersed in large clouds in the paler spaces of the forewings, especially 
beyond the reniform and claviform stigmata. This fades rapidly, while 
the insect is still alive, and indeed so far as J know, has only heen ob- 
served in those reared in confinement; in a series reared by Mr Robert 
Adkin in the autumn and winter of 1894, this colouring was especially 
noticeable. In specimens which are now emerging in his cages (October 
1896) no such tendency seems to be observable, but these are of a bril- 
liant black, with the transverse stripes broadly and conspicuously white. 
These last are from eggs laid by a black Scottish example, and in the 
woods in the mountain districts of that country variation towards. black- 
ness of marbling, with grey or white lines and shades is very general, 
every conceivable gradation from the typical grey to deep black being 
found, but in almost all, the whitish colour of the transverse stripes, of 
the orbicular stigma, and the edging of the reniform stigma is main- 
tained. The black variety seems to occur very rarely in the North of 
England, but one specimen has been taken by Mr G. Gardner near 
Hartlepool, Durham. On the other hand normal grey forms are found, 
in company with the darker varieties, at Cromarty and elsewhere in the 
North of Scotland, and the only specimen which has been found in Shet- 
land is precisely like an English example. The only one taken in Ire- 
land which I have seen is of a curious chalky-white colour with grey 
clouding. it was secured near Londonderry by Mr F. V. Campbell. 


The Names and Forms to be considered : 
occulta, L. (1758), Sys. Nat., Xed., 514. 
Lamprcata,. Vetbr. (836), Ann. S. Ent. Pr.,-397, plt. 10, £..4 
extricata, Zett. (1840), Ins. Lap., 940. | 
ab. passetu, Th.-Mg. (1886), Le Nat., VIII, 237. 
ab. aethiops, Robs. (1887), Young Nat., VIII (p. 24 in List of Varieties). 
ab. pallida, Splr. (1905), Schm. EHur., I, 165. 
ab. grisea, Hanne. (1915), Int. Hnt. Zt., IX, 46. 
ab. rectangularis, Stephan (1925), Iris, XX XIX, 19. 
ab. roseovirgata, Dnhl. (1929), Mitt. eden Ie 106! 
ssp. fumea, Drdt. (1933), Pal. Noct. Supp., ed 88. 
ssp: tibetica, Drdt. (19883), l.c. 
ab. co ceniue, Lempke (1939), Tuds., 234. 
Tutt dealt with: (1) the type much mottled with grey; (2) the more 
or less See form implicata; (8) the f. aethiops of Robson, a black 
form; (4) extricata, Zett., an intermediate form. 


f. amplicata, Lef., Ann. Soc. Ent, Fr.,.V, 394, plt. 10; f. 4 (1836). 
Descorip.—Dup., Hist. Noct. Supp., I11, 592, plt. 49, f. 4 (1836), ?(1842). 
‘« Forewings above are blackish and crossed in their middle by two whit- 


(156) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VITI/1944 


ish, denticulate lines closer together on the inner margin than on the 
costa and between which are placed the two usual stigmata, outlined 
in black. The orbicular is white and consequently quite prominent, 
while the reniform is of an obscure grey and scarcely shows in the ground 
colour; one sees also two other spots, one grey bordered with black and 
placed below the orbicular and which closely approaches one of the two 
lines, which we have just mentioned; the other whitish placed against 
the thorax and on the costa. At a short distance from the outer margin 
the wing is crossed by a series of black sagittate or cuneate spots. 
Finally, the edge of the ground colour is preceded by a line of black 
points. The hindwings and the undersides of all wings are entirely of 
a sooty black colour, with white fringes.’’ The polar regions. 

This description is not at all in agreement with the figure on the 
plate given by Duponchel in which there is nothing white or/ whitish. 
The figure is of a very blackish ground with deep black marking only 
the hindwing has a white fringe. 


Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., TI, 87, plt. 10e (1933), said ‘‘ It is by 
no means identical with passeti,’’ the black form with transverse lines 
more or less filled in with white. The figure 10e is from the ‘‘ type in 
the Oberthiir collection. [This may have faded in nearly a hundred 
years.| This certainly shows the lighter (dirty white) markings spoken 
of by Dup., but they are not white. The reniform too is of the lighter 
shade and not obsolescent (Dup.). The fig. of H.-S., l.c., f. 632, is also 
a dark sooty-black with only slightly lighter markings, but does not 
agree with the description Dup., which should be correct, written as it 
must have been directiy after the original by Lefebvre in vol. v of the 


Ann. Soc. Fr. 


ab. passelii, Th.-Mg., Le Nat:, VIII, 237 (1886). 

Orig. Drscrirp.—‘‘ The forewings are of a deep black-brown, much 
more black than the type, with the usual lines scarcely marked. By 
their sombre colour, this fine aberration appears at first a distinct 
species; but a careful examination proves that it is only a very smoky 
aberration of occulta. It is found in Scotland, where I am told it re- 
places the typical form.”’ 


ab. aethiops, Robs. & Gard., Young Nat., VIII (1887) [‘‘ Supp. List 
Named Varieties of Brit. Lep.,”’ p. 24]. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Black, lines and margins of stigmata greyish.’’ 
N. of England. 


ab. pallida, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 165 (1905). 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ The opposite to these (implicata and extricata) 
is a smaller form with narrow, whitish forewings without brown and 
with obsolescent forewing markings as Petersen has reported from Est- 
land; it may be known as ab. pallida.’’ 


ab. grisea, Hanne., Int. Ent. Zeit. (1915), IX, 46. 
Ornte. Duscrip.—‘‘ Now and then in this district there occur exam- — 
ples, in which all the whitish-grey tone of colour on the forewings is 
wanting, and the lines and stigmata are so strongly suffused with dark | 
grey, that the forewings appear almost uniformly coloured grey. Not- 


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WOE, IGA 


VALVA 


CUILLER 


SACCULUS 


VINCULUM JUXTA 
SACCUS 


AEDOEAGUS 


1. SPHINGIDAE 


PEALE iT 


UNCUS 


SOCII 
SUBSCAPHIUM 


TEGUMEN 
ANELLUS 


ORNAMENTATION 
OF VALVA 


VALVA 
SACCULUS 
JUXTA 
VINCULUM 


AEDOEAGUS 


CORNUTI 
8i STERNUM 


2. NOTODONTIDAE 


ANUS 
UNCUS 
TEGUMEN 


CLAVUS 
AEDOEAGUS 
SACCULUS 


VINCULUM 


ANELLUS 


5. SATURNIA 


Ent. Record and Journ. of Variation, 


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Del. B. P. Beirne. 


1944. 


\ 


THE GENITALIA OF THE BHITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 85 


NOTES ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF THE 
GENITALIA OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


m of Compa, 


fe: eu 
O 0“ = Zoo!oagy 
®) joa (With Plate IT.) . NOY 2 194 
By Bryan P. Beirne, Ph.D-~-M.R.I.A., F.R.E.S. Cie ae 


The genitalia of the majority of the British species of Lepidoptera 
have been figured in a series of books by the late F. N. Pierce and his 
collaborators (Pierce, 1909, 1914, 1942; Pierce and Metcalfe, 1922, 1935, 
1398; and Pierce and Beirne, 1941). The last work deals with the 
butterflies and the larger moths. From a study of the genitalia IJ ar- 
rived at somewhat different conchisions, both as to the homologies of 
the various parts of the genitalia and as to the relationships of the 
various genera and species to each other, than, did Mr Pierce, who was 
responsible for the text of that. work. My views on the morphology 
and taxonomy of the genitalia of the Rhopalocera have been given in a 
previous paper (Beirne, 1942-3); the present paper deals with some of 
the moths. 

The text of the present paper deals mainly with the taxonomy, and 
the species are classified in accordance with their relationships as indi- 
cated by the genitalia. Descriptions of the morphology of the genitalia 
have been reduced to the minimum and have been replaced by figures. 
It should he noted that these figures represent the typical forms of the 
genitalia in each group or genus, and, unless otherwise stated, are not 
figures of particular species. The figures are of the side views of the 
genitalia with the left valve removed. References are given in the 
text to the appropriate plates of Pierce and Beirne cn which the geni- 
talia of the species mentioned are figured, as well as to other works 
dealing with the genitalia. The nomenclature used here for the parts 
of the genitalia is that of Beirne (1942). 


SpPHINGIDAE. (Fig. 1; Pierce and Beirne, pls. VIJ-IX.) A rather 
homogeneous group. The chief variations of specific value occur in 
the males; in many cases the females are practically indistinguishable 
from each other. In the males the gnathos is usually large and strong ; 
the valvae short and broad, each with the sacculus strongly sclerotized 
and with a prominent cuiller; transtillae and a juxta are usually pre- . 
sent and the saccus is well developed. A characteristic feature of the 
group is that in the females the ovipositor lobes are large and heavily 
wrinkled. The apophyses in the female are large, the apical part of 
the ductus bursae is usually sclerotized, and the signa are in the form 
of two bands of short spines. Many of the British species are also 
figured by Rothschild) and Jordan (1903) and by Skell (1921). 

Mimas, Hibn. 1, tiliae, Linn.: shows close relationship to Smerin- 
thus. 


Smerinthus, Latr.: The combination of the hooked and pointed 
uncus, the triangular gnathos, the spined vesica and the bilobed cuiller 
appear to be the generic characters in the male, while in the female 
the broad and heavily sclerotized ductus and the apparent absence of a 
signum are characteristic. There appears to be no justification for 
placing the species in separate genera: the genitalia of the two are 


- 


86 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/TX/1944 


very similar and the species are obviously very closely related. 7a 
populi, Linn. 3, ocellatus, Linn. (genotype): 

Acherontia, Lasp. 4, atropos, Linn. (genotype): The only British 
Sphingid in which the gnathos is unsclerotized and for this reason it is 
rather distinct, but shows a definite relationship ta convolvult. 

Herse, Oken. 5, convolvuli, Linn. (genotype): A rather distinct 
species but showing some relationship to atropos. ; 

‘Sphing, Linn. 6, ligustri, Linn. (genotype): A rather distinct 
species but showing some relationship to atropos and convolvult. 

Hyloicus, Hiibn. 7, pinastri, Linn. (genotype): This rather dis- 
tinct species has been divided into a number of subspecies by Jordan 
(1931), the differences resting chiefly in the relative lengths of the two 
arms of the cuiller. The form found in Britain is pinastri pinastri, 
The genitalia of specimens from different localities in Britain have been 
examined and they were all referable to that subspecies. 

The next four genera, Daphnis, Hippotion, Celerio and Deilephila, 
are very closely related to each other, and, on the genitalia, there ap- 
pears to be little reason why they are not synonymous. They are charac- 
terized by the hooked and very heavily sclerotized uncud and gnathos, 
by the tegumen extending around on either side to meet in the mid- 
ventral line below the gnathos, and by the membrane between the 
tegumen, gnathos and transtillae being more or less sclerotized. Te 
the outsides of the valvae are attached large and specialized hair-scales. 
In the female the eighth sternum is reduced to a narrow band on either 
side, while the signum is in the form of a very long, straight, double 
band of short spines. 

Daphnis, Hiibn. 8, nerit, Linn, (genotype): A rather distinct species 
within the group but most closely related to Hippotion. 

Hippotion, Hiibn. 9, celerio, Linn. (genotype): Most closely related 
to Daphnis but also showing some affinity to Hemaris. 

Celerio, Oken.: The only generic character appears to be the slender 
and pointed cuiller. The males of the three species are very similar. 
The females are apparently identical with each other and differ only 
very slightly from those of the following genus: 10, galit, Schiff. (geno- 
type); 11, ewphorbiae, Linn.; 12, livornica, Esp. 

Deilephila, Lasp.: This genus is closely related to Celerio, differ- 
ing mainly in the shorter and stouter cuiller. The genitalia of the two 
species are practically indistinguishable from each other. 138, elpenor, 
Linn. (genotype). 14, porcellus, Linn. 

Macroglossum, Scop. 15, stellatarum, Linn. (genotype): The male is 
rather distinct but obviously closely related to Celerio and Deilephila, 


while the female is practically indistinguishable from females of those 
genera. 


Hemaris, Dalm.: A rather distinct genus and the only British genus 
of the Sphingidae in which asymmetry of the genitalia normally oceurs. 
The right valva (and sacculus) is always larger and better developed 
than the left. The spined projection of the sacculus, which is best 
developed in the right valva of tityus, is the clavus. Besides the 
asymmetry and presence of the clavus, other generic characters are the 
broad and squared saccus, the long and slender aedoeagus, the presence 


THE GENITALIA OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 87 


of broad, flat and feebly sclerotized anellus lobes, and the split uncus. 
The females of the two British species are practically indistinguishable 
from each other. 16, fuciformis, Linn. (genotype). 17, tityus, Linn. 
(bombyliformis, Haw.). 


Noroponrtpak. (Figs. 2-4; Pierce and Beirne, pls. TX-XI and pl. 
XXII.) The genitalia are often highly modified and ornamented. The 
males, and to a less extent the females, show strong specific characters 
and in many cases good generic characters, but these are often masked 
by the specific variations. Jn the male there is usually a pair of large, 
hairy socii, the tegumen is usually completely divided up the mid-line, 
the halves often being quite separate, and extends down on each side, 
taking the place of the lateral arms of the vinculum. The vinculum 
itself is consequently very much reduced, and, in most cases, there is 
no saccus. The eighth sternum is usually heavily sclerotized and its 
shape is ef considerable specific value. The classification as indicated 
by the genitalia differs from the usual classification on a number of 
points. The species fall into a number of good species-groups. 


Harpyia, Ochs.: The species of this genus are usually included in 
Cerura with vinula, but the genitalia show them to be quite distinct 
from that species. This genus is characterized by the beaked uncus, 
which has a flat, notched plate below it. The homology of this plate is 
doubtful; it may be the scaphium, or, more probably, it may represent 
the fused socii. The sides of the tegumen are very narrow, the costae 
and styles of the valvae are strongly sclerotized, while the remainder 
of each valva is more or less membranous. There is little to distinguish 
the genitalia of the three species from each other, the females in par- 
ticular being practically identical. 1, bicuspis, Borkh. 2, hermelina, 
Goze. (bifida, Hiibn.). 3, furcula, Linn. 

Cerura, Schrank. 4, vinula, Linn. (genotype): A very distinct 
species, showing no relationship toa Harpyia. it is apparently more 
closely related to Notodonta and allied genera. 

Skauropus, Germ. 5, fagt, Linn. (genotype) (fig. 3): The male 
genitalia are very highly modified. Although very distinct, the species 
shows some affinity to the remaining Notodontidae in the presence of 
socii. The homologies of some of the parts of the male genitalia are 
obscure. The uncus is membranous but the socii are large and well- 
developed. The whole genitalia are withdrawn within the eighth seg- 
ment, the sternum of which is produced as two large, flattened plates, 
from the inside of the base of which a long, heavily sclerotized arm ex- 
tends up between the valvae; at either side of the eighth sternum is a 
patch of bristles. The valvae are small and somewhat resemble the socil 
in appearance. 

Gluphisia, Boisd. 6, crenata, Esp. (genotype): A very distinet 
species. The male possibly shows some affinity to Pheosia and Ptero- 
stoma in the shapes of the uncus, tegumen and valvae. The uncus is 
very broad and flattened and is deeply emarginate at its apex. Char- 
acteristic features of the species are that the socii are absent but 
transtillae and a well-sclerotized scaphium are present. The female 


shows a definite relationship to Pterostoma and possibly some affinity 
_to Pheosia, 


88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1TX/1944 


Pheossia, Hiibn.: The male genitalia are considerably modified, 
characteristic features being the great size of the uncus, socii and tegu- 
men. Owing to the size of the tegumen the vinculum is very much re- 
duced and is visible only as a short band on either side underneath the 
valva. There is a cone-shaped, sclerotized pocket between the bases of 
the valvae; in spite of its resemblance to a saccus its position indicates 
that it is probably the juxta. In general structure the male genitalia 
indicate a comparatively close relationship to Pterostoma. The 
aedoeagus is like that of Ptilophora, but this may be an instance of 
parallel development. The two species of Pheosia are very closely re- 
lated to each other. 7, tremula, Clerck (dictaea, Esp.) (genotype). 8, 
gnoma, Fab, (dictaeoides, Esp.). 


Pterostoma, Germ. 9, palpina, Clerck. (genotype): The general form 
of the male genitalia indicates a definite relationship to Pheosia. The 
female shows a relationship to Gluphisia. (N.B.—In Pierce and Beirne, 
pl. XXI, the figure of the eighth sternum of this species is inverted.) 

The next six genera show close relationships to each other. 


Drymonia, Hiibn.: The characteristic feature of the genus is the 
presence of a pair of arms arising one on each side between the anellus 
and the base of the valva. Their homology is doubtful; they may be 
well-developed cristae, or, less probably, they may be the harpes or the 
anellus lobes. 10, dodeneu, Schiff. (trimacula, Esp.): as well as show- 
ing relationship to ruficornis this species also seems to show some affinity 
to Notodonta anceps. 11, ruficornis, Hufn. (chaonia, Hiibn.). 


Notodonta, Ochs.: A rather heterogeneous genus. The genitalia do 
not exhibit any reliable generic characters. Three of the species, drome- 
darius, phoebe and torva, might be separated from the remainder in a 
distinct genus. 12, ziczac, Linn. 13, dromedarius, Linn. (genotype) : 
This species shows definite relationships to torva and phoebe. 14, 
phoebe, Sieb. (tritophus, Schifl.): Obviously very closely related to torva. 
15, torva, Hiibn. 16, anceps Goze. (trepida, Esp.): A rather distinct 
species, showing little relationship to the remaining British species of 
the genus. 

Leucodonta, Staud. 17, bicoloria, Schiff. (genotype): This is 
obviously closely related to Notodonta. In both sexes of this species 
the antericr (basal) edges of the sterna of the abdominal segments are 
highly pigmented and sclerotized. This pigmentation is heaviest on the 
segments nearest to the base of the abdomen, and is also present in 
carmelita, plumigera and chaonia. 

Lophopteryx, Steph.: Characteristic features of the genus appear 
tc be the flattened projection near the anal angle of each valva, the 
shape of the uncus and the reduction in size of the socil. The two 
species are not very closely related. 18, cucullina, Hiibn. (genotype) 
(cuculla, Esp.): The socii are absent. 19, capucina, Linn. (camelina, 
Linn.) (genotype). 

Odontosia, Hiibn. 20, carmelita, Esp. (genotype): This shows a 
definite relationship to Drymonia and Notodonta, and is perhaps nearest 
to ziczac. 


Ptilophora, Steph. 21, plumigera, Schiff. (genotype): A rather dis- 
tinct species in both sexes. The shape of the aedoeagus might indicate 


THE GENITALIA OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 89 


relationship to Pheosiu, while the presence of a subscaphium further 
indicates relationship to that genus or to Odontosia or Notodonta. 

Phalera, Hiibn. 22, bucephala, Linn. (genotype): The male per- 
haps indicates a distant relationship to Pheosia, the female to Ptero- 
stoma or Gluphisia. In the female the ninth segment is complete and 
quite distinct from the ovipositor lobes. 


Clostera, Samouelle: The male genitalia are very highly modified. 
Except for the presence of the socii this genus shows no relationship to 
any of the other British Notodontids, and certainly not to Phalera. The 
uncus is bifureate and from its ventral surface arise a pair of spines, 
of doubtful homology. They do not represent the gnathos, because of 
their position, and are probably ornamentations developed in this genus 
only. The socii are the hairy lobes on either side of the uncus. The 
tegumen is produced inwards on either side ventrally as a large plate, 
the inner upper (i.e., posterior) corner of which is produced into a short 
spine. The valvae are in the form of membranous, heavily wrinkled 
sacs. The structure is very homogeneous in the three British species, 
and they are obviously very closely related to each other. 23, curtula, 
Linn. (genotype). 24, anachoreta, Fab. 25, pigra, Hufn. (reclusa, 
Fab.). 

The Thyatiridae (Cymatophoridae) also possess socii in the male, 
indicating a relationship to the Notodontidae. 


SaTURNIIDAE. (Fig. 5; Pierce and Beirne, pl. XIV.) 


Saturnia, Schrank. 1, pavonia, Linn. (genotype): The uncus and 
tegumen are large, a clavus and a short cuiller are present, and there 
is no saccus. The edge of the anellus is produced into two flat, taper- 
ing arms dorsally. The aedoeagus is unsclerotized, a very unusual fea- 
ture in Lepidoptera, but characteristic of this group. The genitalia of 
a great many species are figured and described by Bouvier (1929-1935). 


EnpromMivipak. (Fig. 6; Pierce and Beirre, pl. XIV.) 


Endromis, Ochs. 1, versicolor, Linn. (genotype): The genitalia are 
straightforward in structure. 


REFERENCES. 

Beirne, B. P. 1942. The Morphology of the Male Genitalia of the Lepidoptera, 
Ent. Rec., 54: 17-22, 37-39. 

—— 1942. The Morphology of the Female Genitalia of the Lepidoptera, Ent. 
Rec., 54: 81-83. 

— 1942-3. Nodtes on the Morphology and Taxonomy of the Genitalia of the 
British Rhopalocera, Entom., 75: 211-216: 76: 50-54. 

Bouvier, M. E.-L. 1929-1935. Etude des Saturnoides normaux, Ann. Sci. Nat. 
Zool., 12-18. 

Jordan, K. 1931. On the Geographical Variation of the Pine Hawkmoth; Hyloi- 
cus pinastri, Novit. Zool., 36: 243-9. 

Pierce. F. N. 1909. The Genitalia of the British Noctuidae. 

— 1914. The Genitalia of the British Geometridae. 

—— 1943. The Female Genitalia of the Noctuidae. 

—— and Metcalfe, J. R. 1922. The Genitalia of the British Tortricidae. 

—— — 1935. The Genitalia of the British Tineina. 

—— —— 1938. The’Genitalia of the British Pyralids, Deltoids and Plumes. 

—— and Beirne, B. P. 1944. The Genitalia of the British Rhopalocera and the 
larger Moths. 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X /1944 


Rothschild, W., and Jordan, K. 1903. A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family 
Sphingidae. 

Skell, F. 1921. Die minnlichen Genitalanhange unserer einheimischen Sphingi- 
den, Mitt. Mtinch. Ent. Ges., XI, 74-82, tabs. 2-8. 


REPUTED MIMICRY IN PARERONIA VALERIA, CR.: CONSIDERED 
WITH REFERENCE TO OTHER INDO-AUSTRALIAN PIERIDAE. 


By L. RicuMonp Wueeter, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.L.S. 


To those familiar only with the ‘‘ Whites’’ and ‘‘ Yellows ’’ of the 
North Temperate Zone, in which the sexes differ little in colour and 
black or dark markings on the upper surface are small or non-existent, 
a female Pareronia, black or dark brown above with whitish streaks and 
spots like some Danaids, is a strange sight; particularly so is the form 
lutescens, Btlr., with yellow blotches in the proximal wing regions almost 
exactly like Danaus aspasia, F. It is often suggested that such appar- 
ently abnormal colours in a ‘‘ White’’ butterfly can only be explained 
in terms of the mimicry theory, especially as D. aspasia is admittedly 
common and the female Pareronia is generally described as ‘‘ quite 
rate. - 

The impression created by this apparent abnormality can, however, 
be corrected by analysis of the idea of rarity, by considering the sys- 
tematic position of the genus Pareronia, and by comparative study of 
the coloration of the sexes in the numerous Pierid species which inhabit 
regions where P. valeria occurs, such as Malaya. 

The number of Malayan species of Pieridae was given in 1934 by 
Corbet and Pendlebury (p. 73) as 48, and, despite various adjustments, 
the same number was reached by Dr Corbet in his revised list in 1942. 
Of these I have studied in the field and captured more than three- 
quarters, several of the remainder being very local or rare. 

In nearly all the common species, including those of Catopsilia and 
Ewrema, males and females are about equal in numbers, as is the case 
with Pieridae in such temperate countries as Britain, Canada, and New- 
foundland. But in numerous Malayan Pierids Fruhstorfer (Seitz IX) 
and the authors mentioned described the females as very rare though 
the males abound in suitable localities (0.c., pp. 92-3). This was my 
experience with a few species, such as Appias nero and Hebomoia glau- 
cippe ; however, I easily collected the supposedly rare females of Saletara 
panda, Ixias pyrene and I. verna (C. and P., 101, 102; Seitz, IX, 159). 
I had the’ pleasure of capturing the first verna femaledk and feilés, re- 
corded from Malaya, and in each of the two other species my first two 
specimens were both females ! 

From 1920 onwards, under British protection, first-class, tarmac- 
covered highways used by motor vehicles largely replaced the old earth 
tracks and roads on which various animals were driven and ridden. So 
the beautiful crowds of butterflies, largely Pierids, which collected 
around seepages and the excreta of oxen and, occasionally, of elephants, 
became much rarer; and, as these crowds consisted largely of males, the 
visible disproportion between the sexes in some species has destensea: 
though there is no reason to think that the actual numbers aiadirt dace 
Fruhstorfer mentioned these swarms as a general phenomenon in tropi- 


REPUTED MIMICRY IN PARERONIA VALERIA, CR. 91 


cal countries (0.c., p. 120 seq.), Distant (pp. 284-5) noted the prepon- 
derance of Pierid males up to 1882, Corbet and Pendlebury their recent 
decrease (0.c., pp. 22 and 93). Intelligent Malays agreed with me that 
this had become very noticeable. 


The female of Pareronia valeria is certainly much less frequently 
seen than the swift flying male. But Corbet and Pendlebury describe 
it as ‘‘ found only in thick jungle,’’? which alone would largely account 
for its relative scarcity, as in many other Pieridae. And when one 
learns to distinguish them from various Danaid species one can see that 
valeria females are less uncommon than is supposed; though it is diffi- 
cult to net them—or anything else—in the very dense, prickly Malayan 
forest. However, my syce caught one on the bare summit of Pine Tree 
Hill, 4750 feet high; so, like some supposedly rare Papilio females, they 
may haunt the less accessible mountains while their males are often seen 
in lower regions. This certainly occurs among such Huploeca as leuco- 
stictos and mulciber. In such species, notably the famous P. brookianu 
albescens, Rothsch., females are much less rare than they have been 
described to be, but are less easily captured than their males which have 
no ege-laying duties to keep them much of the day in dense jungle near 
the larval food-plants (Wheeler, 1940). 


The systematic position of Pareronia and its Danaid affinities are 
significant. Fruhstorfer has pointed out that Pareronia@ resembles the 
Danaidae in the male scent organs and glossy hindwing areas of some 
species, in the neuration of both sexes, and the general pattern of the 
wings in all females; thus this genus may be regarded as ‘‘a kind of 
eonnecting link between the two families’ (Seitz, IX, 177-8). Also, 
the male wing pattern, with its strong black veins, is common to many 
Danaids and Pierids, though the bluish ground colour is unique. On 
the other hand, in D. aspasia and most allied species the light portions 
of the wings are in squarish blotches, especially in spaces 2 and 3 on the 
forewings; but in Pareronia and Papilionidae with the same general 
type of pattern the light portions are mainly in transverse lines. This 
distinction is very clear in my own Malayan specimens but not so obvious 
in Seitz, [X (Plates), as the colour details which now call for attention. 


Of 42 Malayan Pierid species which J examined personally, fifteen 
were mainly coloured as follows, especially on the upper surface :— 
Yellow: 11 (Dercas, Ixias—1, 8 HKurema gandaca). Black or dark grey: 
2 (2 Delias). Abnormal: 2 (Appias nero—red, Pareronia (male)—blue). 

The remaining twenty-seven species were mainly or wholly white 
above in the males, as in many Holarctic ‘‘ Whites ”’ of both sexes. But 
the females of these tropical species vary greatly, some only being more 
or less white like the males. Many of them show, on their upper sur- 
faces especially, a great deal of black or dark brown, more or less flecked 
or barred with white; many have conspicuous yellow patches; and both 
these non-white colours occur much as they do in the allegedly abnormal 
Pareronia females, the yellow, if present, being basal and mainly on the 
hind wings. 

Yellow in Pieridae usually occurs in both sexes or in neither. But 
in Delias georgina, Appias leis (melama, F.) distanti, Mocre, Saletara 
panda distanti, Butler, Prioneris thestylis and P. clemanthe the female 
‘has yellow on the basal part of the hindwing above though the male has 
none; and in D. mnus, Wall., the female has more yellow in this area 


99 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TX /1944 


than the male. Further, in several species which are partly yellow above 
in both sexes, for instance Delias aglaia parthenope, Wall., Cepora lea, 
Dbl., and Catopsilia scylla, L., this colour is again confined to the hind- 
wings, as it is in both sexes of Dunaus aspasia. In many species, which 
are white or black above, the under hindwing surface is yellow, e.g. 
Delias hyparete, L., Appias lyncida, Cr., A. lalage, Dbl., and the males 
of Delias georgina and Prioneris spp. So it is evident that yellowness 
on the hindwings occurs in many Pierids which are otherwise mostly 
white or black, or both, and that in several species this yellowness is 
peculiar to the female sex above. Its occurrence in certain female forms 
of the Pierid Pareronia should therefore neither occasion any surprise 
nor call for any special theory as to its origin. 


Black, dark grey, or partially black colouring is frequent in one or 
both sexes of tropical ‘‘ Whites.’’ Malayan species afford the following 
examples :—(i) Both sexes of Delias aglaia and D. ninus have the upper 
surface mostly black or very dark grey with whitish streaks and blotches; 
and, according to Seitz (IX, pl. 56), the same general effect is seen in 
both sexes of D. thisbe and D. belladonna. And in all these species the 
basal part of the upper hindwings is yellow, so their general colour 
scheme is similar to that of Pareronia lutescens females. Such butter- 
flies, however, are seldom mentioned or figured by the mimetic school | 
(ii) The females of many species which otherwise show the general colour- 
ing of their males have much more black on upper marginal borders and, 
except in the all-yellow kinds, additional sub-marginal or discal black 
bars or spots. Among these species are Appias nero figulina. (reddish), 
Catopsilia—all spp.—and Hebomoia glaucippe (mainly white), and seven, 
1.e. all species of Eurema (yellow) except tilaha, which has extra black 
markings in both sexes equally. (ii1) In many species which are counted 
as ‘‘ whites’’ in my rough classification by upperside wing coloration 
because the males are mainly white above, the females are much darker 
than their consorts. This result is achieved by greater development of 
black on margins and veins or by the whole upper wing surfaces being 
more or less darkened. This general darkening is strongly marked in 
Delias hyparete, D. georgina (and D. descombesi according to Seitz); 
Udaiana cynis, Hew; Saletara panda; and the two Prioneris species. It 
is especially striking in the last three, as they also have yellow on the 
hindwings above (Seitz, IX, pl. 57, 61). Prioneris and Pareronia females 
are very similar in upperside coloration, so Pareronia could be included 
here. It and they are also very similar to both sexes mentioned in 
list (1). 

Amid so many Pierids which in one or both sexes have dark upper- 
side coloration diversified with whitish streaks and spots, often com- 
bined with yellow on the basal parts of the hindwings, it is not surpris- 
ing that one among many such patterns happens to approximate to that 
of the peculiar Danaid which sports the Pierid yellow in addition to the 
typical sober-hues of its own clan. Actually, many Pierids show this 
resemblance. I think Fruhstorfer (Seitz, IX, pp. 120, 135) is right in 
deprecating the idea of mimicry in such cases. Many of the ordinary 
mimicry arguments break down:—1, He has pointed out that yellow 
Pareronia females occur in areas where none of their alleged ‘‘ models ”’ 
exist (0.c., p. 178) as well as in the haunts of yellow-hued Danaida. 
2, It has been shown above that there is no basis in fact for the sup- 


LONGITARSUS AERUGINOSUS, FOUDR. (COL. CHRYSOMELIDAE). 93 


posed argument from the relative abundance of the females of these 
two genera (p. ). 3, Further, as in most cases of alleged mimicry 
among butterflies, the underside resemblance of Pareronia and Danaids 
is less close, particularly in the normal resting position; the bodies of 
the former have none of the spots typical of Danaidae but are Pierine 
in colour. 4, The supposedly mimetic colours of Pareronia are simply 
those of a great host of its own family! 

What is remarkable is that D. aspasia should have some bright yel- 
‘low, as this colour is not found in other members of Danaidae in Malaya 
and only in a very few species anywhere else. It is the Danaid aspasia, 
which, according to various criteria of the mimetic theory, should be 
‘looked on as a Batesian mimic of a very big dark Pierid group with 
basic yellow, comprising the females of many species and the males of 
some of them. All that is claimed here is that one favourite example of 
mimetists is entirely misleading. The resemblances between various 
members of the Pieridae, Papilionidae, and Danaidae seem due to paral- 
lel development or convergence, as Bingham (1905, 12), Punnett (1915, 
148-9), and Berg and Vavilov (Berg, 1926, p. 327 seq.) have argued. 

The facts given for upper wing coloration in Malayan Pierids are 
supported by inspection of the 591 upperside figures of Indo-Australasian 
Pieridae in Seitz, vol: IX, plates 51-73. These may be summarized as 
follows:—(i) Black or some very dark shade is common as the main 
colour, Seitz showing 139 or 23.6%. It is however, usually diversified 
with white or grey blotches, spots, or streaks. (11) The hindwings often 
have yellow on the basal region, even in species which have little or no 
yellow elsewhere; Seitz shows 227 or 38.5%, some of which have yellow 
on the forewings too. (iii) These colours may occur in both sexes; more 
often they appear in the females only, and the males are predominantly 
white or yellow, or, rarely, reddish or bluish. (iv) Mainly white colora- 
tion in both sexes, which is common in the fewer species of temperate 
regions, is seldom found in this important tropical-subtropical area. 


REFERENCES. 


Berg, L. S. 1926. Nomogenesis: Constable. 

Bingham, C. T. 1905. Butts. of British India: Taylor & Francis. 

Corbet, A. §. 1942. List of Butts. of Brit. Malaya; typescript. 

Corbet, A. S., and Pendlebury, H. M. 1984. Butts. of the Malayan Peninsula: 
Kyle, Palmer (Kuala Lumpur). 

Distant, W. L. 1882-6. Rhopalocera Malayana; West Newman. 

Fruhstorfer, H. 1927. Pieridae and Danaidae in Seitz’ World Macro-Lepidoptera, 


Vol: IX. 

Punnett, R. C. 1915. Mimicry in Butterflies; C.U.P. 

Wheeler, L. R. 1940. On... Papilio Females in Malaya; Entomologist, LXXIII, 
December. 


LONGITARSUS AERUGINOSUS, FOUDR. (COL. CHRYSOMELIDAE), 
A GENUINE BRITISH SPECIES. 


By H. DontstHorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. 


This species is not included in Beare’s 1930 Catalogue; and evidently 
Tomlin and Sharp in their notes on the British species of Longitarsus 
(1911) did not regard it as a British species for they write (p. 282) :— 
““We therefore cannot escape the conclusion that whether the insect 


94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/ 1944 


described as L. aeruginosus by Fondras was specifically valid or not, 
the specimens we take in this country on Hupatorium (the food-plant of 
‘DL. aeruginosus’) or any other Composite are all of one species—L. 
succineus, Fowler.’’ 

.Nevertheless this species is a truly British insect. Its first record as 
British appears to. have been in 1904, when Newbery, in criticizing 
Bedel’s Faune Col. du Bassin de la Seine, Vol. VE, states: ‘‘ We appear 
to have Thyamis aeruginosus, Foudr.’’ He gives a translation of Bedel’s 
table to separate DL. aeruginosus, Foudr., L. pellucidus, Foudr., and L. 
succineus, Foudr. Fowler and Donisthorpe (1913) also give the same 
table when reeording L. aeruwginosus, Foudr. 


On 29th July 1909, I swept a Longitarsus in some numbers off Hupa- 
torium cannabinum (Hemp-agrimony) at Luccombe Chine, Isle of Wight. 
This I named L. aeruginosus, Foudr., and the beetle has stood in my 
collection under that name ever since. Recently Dr Blair and I com- 
pared my specimens with one in the General Collection at the Museum, 
which had been named L. aeruginosus, Foudr., by Heikertinger, and 
found that they were identical. Subsequently Blair found that he had 
taken the species off Hemp-agrimony at Godstone, Isle of Wight. 


It is a fine large quite distinct species, and does not agree with L. 
succineus, Foudr., or any other allied species. It is true that the apical 
cilia are easily abraded (this is the case with specimens in my series), 
but can be distinguished by other characters. 


P.S.—On page 285, Tomlin and Sharp refer to a species which was 
introduced as L. nigerrimus, Gyll., as British by Joy and Tomlin on 
specimens taken by Dr Wallace at Grimsby. They admit that it was not 
that species, but suggest that it might be Dollman’s L. plantago- 
maritima! This, however, was not the case. I went to stay with Dr 
Wallace at Grimsby in 1908, and we swept very many specimens of the 
insect in question, and they all proved to be different colour forms of 
the common ZL. lurida. Dollman’s plantago-maritima is, of course, a 
quite good and distinct species. 


LITERATURE CONSULTED. 


Beare, J. H.—Cat. Brit. Col., 1930. 

Bedell, L.—Faun. Col. du Bassin de la Seine, 6, 194 (41885). 

Dollman, H. C.—Ent. Record, 24, 187 (1912). 

-Foudras, A. C. M. E.—Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, G, 239, 3415 (1859). 

Fowler, W. W., and Donisthorpe, H.—Col. Brit. Isles Suppl., 6, 168 (1913). 
Joy, N., and Tomlin, J. R. le B—Ent. Mo. Mag., 44, 104 (1908). 

Tomlin, J. R. le B., and Sharp, W. E.—Ent. Mo. Mag., 47, 282, 285 (1911). 


CURRENT NOTES. 


Dr pe Lattin, whose name has become known to readers of The En- 
tomologist’s Record through his description of the Uludagh race of Par- 
nassius apollo, r. kosswigi, has been granted complete exemption from 
military service, and returned from the Russian front. He is engaged 
upon research in the Brandenburg Mark.—M. B. 


CURRENT NOTES. 95 


ENtTomMoLocy IN FRANcE.—In spite of the occupation, French entomo- 
logists are still producing good work. L. Chopard has described a totally 
new kind of earwig from an African cave, with the normal modifications 
of form, reduced pigmentation, reduction of the eyes, and extension of 
the members. 

Dr Réné Jeannel, Professor at the Natural History Museum, has 
written a book entitled La Genése des Faunes terrestres—Hlements de. 
Biogéographie, published by the Presses universitaires de France, 108, 
Boulevard St. Germain, Paris, in 1942. It runs to 514 pages and is 
illustrated with over 200 figures in the text and eight plates. The latter 
illustrate various phases of continental drift, which Dr Jeannel, like 
so many zoologists, looks upon as the golden age yet. He is also an out- 
spoken Lamarckian. 

I hope later to be able to send further information on these two in- 
teresting and important works.—M. B. 


Prrsonau.—Like many thousands, I have suffered the loss of every- 
thing that I have, from enemy action. If any friends would put aside 
any spare copies of entomological or general natural history books, or 
pamphlets, or of my own writings. for the happier days, when I hope 
to start again building up a little library, I would be most grateful.— 
M. Bure. 


In the past scientists have been exceedingly slipshod in their choice 
of words in passing on their new knowledge and new conceptions to 
others. The words chosen are often of that type which has long associa- 
tion with human phenomena, activities and conception, and when ap- 
plied to other groups of animal life are generally misapplied in suggest- 
ing the workings of a mind of human character. Let us take as an 
example the word ‘‘ mimic.’’ To say that the Geometrid larva, which 
fixes itself on a birch branch and resembles a twig near it, ‘‘ mimics ’’ 
the twig, is utterly nonsensical, and is really endowing one of the stages 
of growth of a moth with the mentality of a human being. This use of 
the word ‘‘ mimic ’’ expresses an utter impossibility of course. The 
similarity in this fact of nature can be fitly called protective. The word 
““mimics ’’ used thus really acts as a propaganda term and serves to 
give a false impression of active mentality to an immature stage of an 
insect, which it cannot possess. Moths sitting on tree trunks are, in the 
ease of a large number of species, even to experienced eyes, quite in- 
visible until disturbed. We cannot possibly describe the so-called 
‘mimicry ’’ in insects as aught but a case of ‘‘ protective resemblance ’’ 
and brought about by natural selection in the course of ages. 


THE Insect Immigration Committee of the S.E. Union of Scientific 
Societies consists of Dr C. B. Williams, M.A., Se.D., F.R.E.S. (Rotham- 
sted Experimental Station), Chairman; G. F. Cockbill, Ph.D. (Cam- 
bridge University); Henry J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. .(Entomo- 
logist’s Record and Journal of Variation); Mrs W. Boyd Watt, F.Z.S. 
(Hon. Sec., Zool. Sect., S.E.U.S.S.); Capt. T. Dannreuther, R.N., 
F.R.A.S., F.R.E.S. (Hon. Secretary of the Committee). 


‘ 


In reports of sales in papers and magazines there is the report of a 
sale of Lepidoptera belonging to H. J. Turner. [ have just had a letter 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1944 


from a well-known cndpmanloniee abroad saying he would have been only 
too pleased to have been among the purchasers of my insects. The sale 
was for a collector of the same name and initials, and in no way mine. 
The auctioneers (Messrs Glendining) told those present in the room 
that the collection did not beiong to Hy. J. Turner of the Entomologist’ s 
Record. I wish to state that I have never sold an insect and do not in- 
_tend to have any go to the hammer. It has for some years been arranged 
that a large proportion go to the Hope Museum, Oxford, as arranged 
with the late Sir Edward Poulton, and since confirmed with Dr Hale 
Carpenter. Also the bulk of my rather extensive library will pass to the 
Royal Entomological Society, including numerous volumes which are 
historically interesting as having been used or owned by well-known en- 
tomologists of long ago and in some cases annotated by them. 


Part 5, Vol. II, of the Jr. Soc. Brit. Entomology recently issued 
contains some two dozen short notes on the Biology of Insects of seven 
or eight Orders. There are eight notes dealing with Diptera of the 
families, Syrphidae, Tipulidae, and Tabanidae. The Lepidoptera are 
next with six notes including very late emergences of some Sphingidae, 
in the Bournemouth area; Sphinx pinastri and Smerinthus ocellata in 
October; and Pararge megera on a flint wall in October; Hants. There 
are three Notes on Odonata, one of which deals with the rearing of 
Aeshna cyanea and Orthetrum caerulescens, and another contains re- 
cords of six species in the Bournemouth area. There are only two notes 
on Hemiptera in this number. There is only one note on Coleoptera, and 
that is on the apparent (so-called Mimicry) in the case of the ‘‘ Bee- - 
beetle,” Trichius fasciatus. It is a good feature of this publication that 
the mass of the matter consists of notes on observations made by ama- 
teurs, who are lovers of Nature, and not by professional workers with but 
httle familiarity with insect environment in nature. 


A CORRESPONDENT of the Ent. News has called attention to a comment 
in Nature on the publication of Darwin’s volume on the ‘ Variation of 
Animals and Plants under Domestication ’’ in 1868, as the foundation of 
a new ‘‘ism,’’ which is called ‘‘ Darwinism,’’ and asserted that the word 
‘‘ Darwinism ”’? has become as familiar as ‘‘ Galvanism ’’ or ‘‘ Mormon- 
ism.’’ The writer in the Ent. News remarks that ‘‘ with the passing of 
the years, the sole survivor, at least in common English usage, is Darwin- 
ism. Evidently the ‘ survival of the fittest’ works as well for isms as 
for organism, and despite its ups and downs, Darwinism sings to day as 
loudly and lustily as ever.’’ 


Tue Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological and 
Natural History Society takes place at the Chapter House, St Thomas’s 
Street, London, S.E.1, on the afternoon of Saturday, 14th October 1944, 
and will take the form of a conversazione, at which will be displayed not 
only ‘‘ varieties,’ but interesting specimens and collections of fauna 
and flora brought for exhibition by members and friends. Everyone in- 
terested in any branch of Natural History is cordially invited to attend. 
All friends are asked not only to come, but to bring similar exhibits and 
so contribute to making the meeting a success. Exhibits received from 
Jla.m. Meeting formally opened by the President at 2.30. 


¢ 


‘ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (157) 


withstanding the black markings are quite recognizable. The fringes 
of the hindwing yellowish.’’ © Strasburg. 


ab. rectangularis, Stephan, Iris, XX XIX, 19 (1925). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ A very dusky example—a transition to implicata, 
Lef. The forewings are paler than in normal occulta, the orbicular is 
very large, the inner (basal) transverse line indistinct, the outer trans- 
verse line (which usually near jhe costal margin is only slightly bent) 
is distinctly angled, almost 90°; both the black arrow-shaped spots ex- 
tend towards the inside of the waved line (submarginal) and point 
straight to the point of the angle. This is such a striking appearance 
that the name rectangularis seems quite appropriate.”’ There is a 
specimen in the Burrows’ collection which answers to this character 
exactly. 


ab. roseovirgata, Dunhl., Mitt. Miinch., XIX, 106 (1929). 

Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ The inner half of the waved band, the outer limit — 
of the discal area becomes of a light rosy-red colour. Here and there 
this colour becomes spots at the outer and lower half of the reniform 
stigma. The paler parts of the outer margin are also hghtly suffused 
rosy.’ Silesia. 


ssp. fumea, Drdt.-Stz., Pal.Noct. Supp., III, 88 (1933). 

Fie.—t.c., plt. 10e. 

Ortc. Derscrip.—‘‘ Small with narrow wings, ashy-grey with sooty 
dusky-brown basal and marginal areas. Jn the latter the veins are pale 
and there are blackish sagittate marks before the subterminal line. Also 
hindwings are much paler.’’ Ili territory. 


ssp. tibetica, Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 88 (1933). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. 10e. 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Very large and with wide wings that are a mono- 
tonous smoky-grey with quite extinct transverse markings, and only 
the three large pale stigmata stand out distinctly in the dusky disc. 
Further there are three heavily black sagittate marks in the upper half 
of the subterminal. Hindwings very uniformly grey-brown with white 
fringes.’’ Thibet. 


ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, Tijds. (1939), 234. 
Orntc. Drscrip.—‘* The two stigmata are united by a double line, the 
encirclement of both being broken.’’ Holland. 


Aplecta, Gn. (1841: 1852), Dup., Sth., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: 
[Agrotis, Och. & Tr. (1816-25), Culot: Polia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), 
Steph., Frr., Hamp.: Melanchra, Hb. (1820), Meyr., Meyr.: Mamestra, 
Hb. (1821)] nebulosa, Hufn. (1766). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., I1I, 68 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 86 (1895): Barr., 
hep Brits Ess. iV. 165,-plt: 155; 1 (897): Stder., Cat., Wied..) 156 
(1901): Splr., Schm. Fur., I, 169, plt. 36, 13 (1905): Hamp., Zep. Phal., 
V, 114 (1905: South, M.B.J:, I, 235, plt. 119, 1-5 (1907): Warr.-Stz., 
Pal. Noct., 111, 78, plt. 19c, d (1909): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 98, plt. 16, 


* 


(158) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. | 15/1X/1944 


f. 15, plt. 18, f. 1 (1911): Meyr., Rev. Handb. 157 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., 
Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 108, plt. 141 (1934). 


Huifn., Berl. Mag., III, 418 (1766), inadequately described a whitish- 
grey Noctua, nebulosa, thus: ‘‘Weissgrau, mit braungerandeten Flecken, 
darunter ein nierenform, niger oder braungrau mit weissgrauen 
Flecken.’’ 

Rott., Natwrf., [X, 143 (1776), in his Revision of Hufn. fully rede- 
scribed nebulosa. 

Schiff., Verz.,.72, H. 1 (1775), said it was the polyodon, L. (=1mono- 
glypha, Hufn.). . 

Illiger, N. Ausg. Verz., I, 206 (1801), accepted this and as synonyms 
thapsi, Bork. & Brahm, and bimaculosa, Esp. He recorded the doubt 
Borkhausen had, whether thapsi was the polyodon of L. and of Fab. 

Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV, 2 (1), 405, plt. 132, 1-2 (1788-9-?), gave two 
figures named bimaculosa, ¢ and 2. The @ a light nebwlosa with com- 
plete and emphasized black transverse subterminal zigzag line. The ¢ 
a darker grey insect with very incomplete subterminal line. 

Ernst & Ener., Pap. d’Hur., VII, 89, f. 470a-c (1790), gave two excel- 
lent figures of this species, which they believed to be the polymita, L. 

Donovan, Brit. Ins., X, p. 345, 1 (1801), gave an excellent figure 
under the name grandis, which was dealt with later by Haw. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 78 (1800-03), gave an excellent figure of a light 
grey form under the name plebeji. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 382, plt. 97, 1 (1826), gave an excellent figure 
of a moderately dark example, with much of the whitish-crey remaining 
in contrast, under the name plebeja, Hb., and he considered the polimita, 
Fab. (Hnt. Sys., II, p. 67) as a syn. In his Cat., p. 130 (1844), he used 
the Genus Aplecta, Gn. 

Treit., Schmet., V (2); 48, remarked that very few species had met 
with so many errors in its identification either from its rarity or the 
absence of characteristic markings for distinguishing it. Hufn. was 
the first to note this species; Schiff. said it was polyodon, L., & Fab. 
followed Esper and was equally in error, with bimaculosa. Borkhausen 
and Brahm named it thapst, while Hubner called it plebeja. Treit. 
then referred to Illiger’s Mag., Vol. II (1802-3), p. 87, where Laspeyres, 
in discussing the new Verz., pointed out that radicea, Schiff., or mono- 
glypha, Knoch, was the polyodon, L. 

Stephens, Jll., III, 28 (1829), described it as the bimaculosa, Esp., 
and grandis, Don. 

Frr., Beitr., 11, 12,, plt. 52:(1829), gave a rather poor houre and Tre- 
ferred to the various errors of identification made by peo authors, 
but does not give the author of the name. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearo., II, 264 (1850) gave as synonyms Sener Fb, 
bimaculosa, Esp., Foe. een and polyodon, Ill. ; 

Stdgr., Cat., IIIed. 156 (1901), gave plebeja, and bimaculosa as 
synonyms, and robsont, asiatica, askolda and nimbosa as forms. He con- 
sidered askolda as a large form of asiatica. 

Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 114 (1905), recognized three forms: robsoni, 
Coll., asiatica, Stdgr., and askolda, Obthr., with thapsi, bimaculosa. 
grandis, plebeia, lama as synonyms. 


‘ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (159) 


Splr., Schmet. Ewr., I, 169, plt. 36, 13 (1905), gave a good figure but 
with too much brown suffusion. He dealt with pallida, robsoni, asiatica, 
askolda, numbosa (N. America). 

South, M.B.I., 1, 288, plt. 119, f. 1-5 (1907), gave five excellent 
figures of pallida, Tutt, robsoni, Collins, thompsoni, Arkle, and two of 
the lighter British forms. 

Warr.-Stz.,; Pal. Noct., III, 78, plt. 19c, d (1909) gave seven good 
figures, but all too dark grey compared with our British forms, g¢ and @ 
nebulosa, ¢ and 2 bimaculosa, ¢ and @ calabrica, and conspicua, of 
which the last two were new. The figures are all too much alike to give 
apparent differences. They treated thapsi, Brahm, plebeja, Hb., and 
grandis, Don., Haw., as synonyms; lama, Stdgr., becomes asiatica, Stdgr. 
They also dealt with pallida, Tutt, robsoni, Collins, and askoldi, Oberthr. 

Culot, NV. e¢ G., I (1), 98, plt. 16, 15, and plt. 18, 1 (1911), gave two 
excellent figures, one of the ordinary grey form without any emphasis 
of the dark discal marking. Also he figured ab. robsoni, which he labelled 
an Agrotis. 

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., 11, 108, plt. 141 (1934), added twe fresh 
forms, both British, (1) ab. thompsoni, Arkle, and (2) ab. plwmbosa, 
Mansb. They said, ‘‘ To what degree these forms are identical with 
robsoni remains to be carefully elucidated.’’ 


Barrett discussed the Variations as follows: 
Variation in this species is very considerable—apparently local or in 
some degrees climatal—and consists mainly in more or less suffusion of 
the ground colour with grey or smoky-black. Jn the South of England 
- the ground colour is usually white, sometimes brilliantly so, occasionally 
with brownish clouding along the costa, in other instances rendered more 
extensively white, by partial obliteration of the transverse lines and 
shades, in which case the large stigmata become conspicuous. Away 
from the extreme South a clouding of darker, or a darkening of the 
markings, or both, very soon become Manifest; even in Berkshire one 
wood will produce white forms in abundance, and another, but a few 
miles distant, equally plentiful greyer variations. This becomes intensi- 
fied in the Midland and Northern counties, while both forms are mingled 
in the Eastern and Western, and the extreme is reached in Cheshire, 
where in the Delamere Forest region specimens are frequently obtained 
wholly suffused with smooth smoky-black and hardly presenting a trace 
of the usual markings, the stigmata being only indicated by paler clouds; 
While the hindwings are also smoky-black, but with the cilia white. 
This singular melanic form was discovered only a few years ago by Mr J. 
Collins, of Warrington, but has, I believe, been found every season 
since, and now is taken also in South Yorkshire. In the intermediate 
gradations of colour this obscuration of the markings is rarely visible— 
usually they are blacker than the grey or smoky ground colour. In a 
specimen taken near King’s Lynn, Norfolk, the general dark colour and 
markings are relieved by slender white stripes in the places of the usual 
first and second lines. The intermediate grey tones of colour seem to 
prevail northward to a large extent, but a specimen from Sutherland- 
shire in Mr W. H. B. Fletcher’s collection is of quite the whitest type, 
and others from Argyllshire are also white, but almost devoid of mark- 
mes. 


(160) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1944 


The Names and Forms to be considered : 
nebulosa, Hufn. (1766), Berlin. Mag., 418. 
bimaculosa, Esp. (1789+ ?), Abbild. Noct., IV, 403, plt. 132, 1-2. 
thapsi, Brahm (1791), Kalend., II, 185, 533, a Syn. 
plebeja, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., 78 (1800-3), a Syn. 
grandis, Don. (1801), Brit. Ins., X, plt. 345, 1 (1801). 
grandis, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 185, a Syn. 
nimbosa, Gn. (1852), Hist. Nat., VI (11), 77. American. 
r. askolda, Obthr. (1880), Ht. Ent., V, 79. 
ab. robsoni, Collins (1890), Ent. Rec., II, 264. 
ab. pallida, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 68. 
r. lama, Stdgr. (1896), Iris, IX, 254. 
r. asiatica, Stdgr. (1897), l.c., X, 534. 
ab. thompsoni, Arkle (1904), H.M.M., XL, 180. 
ab. conspicua, Warr.-Stz. (1909), Pal. Noct., III, 78, plt. 19e. 
r. calabrica, Warr.-Stz. (1909), /.c. 
ab. suffusa, Klem. Spraw (1911) Kom. Krrys., XLVI (3), 11. 
ab. plumbosa, Mans. (1917), Ent., 50, 69. 


Newman, Brit. Moths, 407 (1870), gave two figures, 3-4, depicting 
extraordinary forms. 

I. A banded form in which usual dark central transverse shade is 
developed into a distinct perfect black band, with the orbicular com- 
pletely white, with white basal patches on the costa and on the sides of 
the thorax. The general ground is light grey as in the normal form. 

II. With a complete series of clear white chevrons on the outer 
margin of the forewings, outside the subterminal, which is represented 
by a strong black wavy line as also are the angulated and basal lines. 
The stigmAta are obsolete. The general ground colour is light grey as in 
the normal form. — 

These were in the Bond collection which passed into that of Sydney 
Webb, which was dispersed at Stevens about 1920. 


thapsi, Brahm, Kalend., IJ, 135 and 533 (1791). 

There are descriptions of the larva, pupa and life-history but not of 
the imago. The references are to nebulosa and bimaculosa. Brahm re- 
ferred to it again, |.c., p. 533, and gave View., Tabell., II, 54, as a refer- 
ence with the synonym polyodon. . 


plebeja, Hb., Samml. Noct., 78 (1800-3), doubtless is the typical form 
as described (imperfectly) by Hufn. in the Berl. Mag., III (1766). 

Oric. Descrip. by Hb. Geyer, Text, 191: ‘‘ Whitish-grey head and 
thorax more ashy-coloured, black marked. The wings suffused ashy-grey, 
with reniform and orbicular stigmata almost filled in, pale blackish- 
margined waved lines and a black streak placed in the anal angle. The 
hindwings ashy-grey.’’ : 

The syns. nebulosa, Hufn., thapsi, Brahm, polyodon, Schiff., and 
bimaculosa, Esp., are quoted. 


grandis, Haw., Lep. Brit., 185 (1809). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis albicantibus nigro varie undatis: stigmatibus 
magnis subocellaribus, litura prope angulum posticum nigrum.’’ Dono- 
van, Brit. Ins., X,.345 (801). “Thorax cristatus canus) amex 


‘ 


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Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than ab. lutea and © 
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Wanted for cash or exchange many species of ova, larvae and pupae, including 
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MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


WAR-TIME ARRANGEMENTS. 


Royal Entomological Society of London, 44 Queen’s Gate, S.W.7: First Wed- 
nesday in the month at 3.30 p.m. Next Meeting, October 4th. South London 
Entomological and Natural History Society, Chapter House Hall, St Thomas’ 
Street, S.E.1: Second Thursday in the month at 6.0 for 6.30 p.m. London 
Natural History Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 
_ Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1: Tuesday, at 6.30 p.m. 


Communications promised :—T. B. Fletcher, Dr E. A. Cockayne, J. E. Collin, 
H. Donisthorpe, Dr Malcolm Burr, E. P. Wiltshire, H. A. Leeds, Prof. J. W. 
Harrison, Hy. J. Turner, B. K. Lawrence, A. H. Sperring, Prof. F. Balfour- 
Browne, Russell James, P. Siviter Smith, T. Greer. 


All CO ee should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. 
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SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, 
~ Chapter House Hall, St Thomas’ Street, S.E.1. 


ANNUAL EXHIBITION 


SATURDAY, 14th October: 2 for 2.30 p.m. 


Everyone interested in, any branch of Natural History is cordially | invited to 
attend. 

The Society’s collections and library will be open for inspection, but it is 
impossible to bring the Bright Collection from Oxford for the occasion. 
Exhibits may be ‘handed in at any time from 11 a.m. o)wards. The meeting will 
be formally opened by the President at 2.30 p.m. Exhibits should not be removed 
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Tea and Cake are being provided. Bring your own Sugar. 


BACK VOLUMES OF 2 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION. 


: (First Series, Vols. I-XXXVI.) 

Owing to stocks getting low, it is now impossible to supply odd 
copies of back volumes. he 

Orders for complete volumes only can be accepted. Librarians and 
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EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 


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: W. F. H. ROSENBERG, 
94 WHITCHURCH LANE, EDGWARE, M’ddx. 


Printed by T. Buncle & Co., Ltd., Arbroath. 


No. 10 


OCTOBER 1944 


ENTOMOLOGIST RECO RD 


ey. of Conn 


“ee PataaN 


A N D é ate 7 1944") 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED with the assistance of 


_ MALCOLM BuRR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
_E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 


| F.R.C.P. 
J. E. COIN, J.P.,'F.R.E.S. Pyare te ere 
. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. bad 
By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


MIDDLE EAST LEPIDOPTERA : NEW FORMS AND SPECIES. Vis Ber. 
Wiltshire, F.R.E.S.., ae Ne un fae BES ye Ae oN ears RSE AY NL  § 


|. BITHYNIAN MT. OLYMPUS, Malcolm Burr, ae PS Bas. he fp seen 200 
" SUBSTITUTE FOOD-PLANTS, Frank Balfour-Browne, F.R.S. E.. F.R.ES., ... 104 


SUBSPECIES OF MELITAEA DEIONE, GEYER, Brig. Gen. B. H. Cooke, 
Wii, (CSB B.S O ee es pak i bis uu at teri (ah aes: 1Oe 


LLECTING NOTES: A Zygaena Colony, A. Russell James; Alternative 
: Food-Plants, A. H. Sperring; Occurrence of Acrydium subulatum, L. 
_ (Orthopt.), in Bedfordshire, B. R. Laurence; The Tenants of an Isolated 
Bush of Salix atrocinerea on the Isle of Rhum, Prof. J. W. Heslop Har- 
rison, F.R.S.; Boarmia rhomboidaria and Gonodontis bidentata on the 
Isle of Rhum, Id.; Flowers visited by Bombus smithianus, White, /d.; 
" Nepticula anomalella on Wild Rose in the Isle of Rhum, /d., dh ... 106 


CURRENT NOTES, ... be Gis es aie ei ae ves He te .-. 108 
SUPPLEMENT. 


m ‘The British Noctuae wie their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., 
; (161)-(164) 


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\ ., DERRME EAST LEPIDOPTERA: NEW FORMS AND SPECIES. VI. 97 


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MIDDLE EAST LEPIDOPTERA: NEW FORMS AND SPECIES. VI. 
OD, 40 By E. P. Wittsuire, F.R.E-S. 


This paper may be regarded as a successor to ‘‘ New Lepidoptera 
from S.W. Iran ’”’ and ‘‘ Some More New Lepidoptera from 8.W. Iran,”’ 
by the same author, which appeared in Journ. Bombay N.H.Soc., Vol. 
xlii, August 1941, and Vol. xliv, Part 2, December 1943, respectively. 
It deals in part with the same district, in part with the opposite shores 
of the Persian Gulf, around Kuwait and Basra. 


Chondrostega subfasciata, Klug., brunneicornis, Wilts., ssp. n. (Fig. D.) 
fo :—Frons with 3-pointed dark brown process. 

Antenna heavily bipectinated, the lamina being brown of a variable 
hue; only in one specimen can the word ‘ pale’ (used by Klug of the 
antenna of typical subfasciata) be used, but the antenna of this one 
would be best described as ‘‘ pale cinnamon.’’ In all the others the 
laminae are cinnamon-brown, and in one example at least, dark choco- 
late-brown. 

Fore-tibia with spine shorter than half the length of the tibia. This 
character agrees with subfasciata and definitely separates the present 
moth from longespinata, Aur. (which, moreover, was described as having 
grey antennae). 

Forewing lightly scaled, glossy, parchment coloured; not clear white, 
as in feisali, Wilts. Nervures and margins, cinnamon. Upperside 
unmarked except in one example, in which the central fascia alone is 
present; swbfasciata was described as having two obsolete fasciae. When 
present, the central fascia is grey and diffuse, wavy oblique and obso- 
lete. Fringes hardly chequered (another difference from typical sub- 
fasciata). 

Hindwing, as forewing. In the well-marked example, the grey fascia 
is almost entirely obsolete. 

Underside, both wings, as upperside, but with fasciae rather less 
obsolete. In no example is the median fascia complete, but in several 
it is more traceable than on the upperside; moreover, in one or two 
examples, slight grey traces of a diffuse submarginal fascia are visible. 

Expanse, 28-31 mm. 

Holotype:—<d, leg. Mrs V. Dickson, 28.x.43, water-well 13, Hama- 
tiyat, Kuwait, E. Arabia. In coll. m. An unmarked specimen. 

Paratypes:—dSdSd6¢, same captor, date, and place. In coll. m. 
Among these is the well-marked specimen. 

Klug’s type in the Berlin Museum was examined by Aurivillius about 
1894 and is inaccessible to the present author. The possibility therefore 
remains that brunneicornis is specifically distinct, but from a careful 
comparison of my series with the original descriptions of Klug and 
Aurivillius I think it more probably a good subspecies of: Klug’s Egyp- 
tian species. 

Hamatiyat is in the Shaqq depression some 50 miles S.W. of 
Kuwait town. Brunneicornis also occurs at Manaqish about half-way 
between Hamatiyat and Kuwait town. It does not appear to inhabit 
the coastal desert near the town. The habitat is Hamdh desert, of the 
‘‘ Rimdh ”’ type; i.e., not a Rhanterietum (Rhanterium epapposum, or 
“* Arfaj’’; ‘‘ Rimdh”’ is probably Halozylon salicornicum). Whether 


98 ENTOMOLOGIST S$ RECORD. 15/X/1944 


brunneicornis is really restricted to Haloxylonetum remains to be seen. 
Phytogeographically the habitat is Saharan-Sindian. 
(N.B.—Chondrostega aurivillii, Pungl., ssp. feisali, Wilts. 
(First description :—Journ. Bombay N.H. Soc., Vol. xli, 4, Decem- 
ber 1941; figured in The Butterflies and Moths of Iraq, Special Bulletin, 
Directorate-General of Agriculture, Bagdad, 1944), a race occurring in 
Iraq and Kuzistan, also occurs on the same Kuwait habitat as brunnei- 
cornis, two examples being taken by Mrs V. Dickson on the same date, 
to light. This species occurs on several types of desert biotope, though 
never on alluvial desert. It is considerably larger than brunneicornis, 
being perhaps the largest and most handsome member of the genus.) 


Autophila cymaenotaenia, Bours., ssp. orthotaenia, Wilts., ssp. n. 
(Fig. E.) 

The following description enlarges on a brief preliminary descrip- 
tion appearing in the author’s Butterflies and Moths of Iraq (Bagdad, 
1944); an illustration is also supplied. 

This race differs from the N. African nymotypical form by the rosier 
colour of the forewing upperside, and the straighter course of the hind- 
wing’s median band. 

Holotype:—Habbariyah well, Kerbela desert, Iraq (leg. Diamond, 
4.v.37) in coll. m., but in temporary custody of M. Charles Boursin, 
Paris. M. Boursin examined the genitalia of this specimen, and men- 
tioned it in his work: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Agrotidae-Trifinae, 
xxill (Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges., e.v.xxx, Jahrg. 1940, Heft 2) in which 
cymaenotaenia was first described and illustrated; he remarked on the 
rosier colouring but, doubtless for lack of further material from Asia, 
gave no name to it. 

Allotype:—®@, water-well 13, Hamatiyat, Kuwait, E. Arabia (leg. 
Mrs V. Dickson, 28.x.43), in coll. m. 

Paratype:—d, Burqan, 30 miles S. of Kuwait town, E. Arabia (leg. 
Mrs V. Dickson, 24.x1i1.48), in coll. m. 

These two examples, which resemble the Iraq example seen by M. 
Boursin, justify the naming of the Asian race. They also show that this 
species has two broods, a fact not known before. 


Boarmia ghirshmani, Wilts., sp. n. (Fig. A.) 

This species somewhat resembles the little-known Boarmia tenwi- 
saria, Stgr. (=tenuiscaria, Alb. & Warn. nec Stgr.). A good photo 
of the type of the latter was published by Albers and Warnecke in 
Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges., xxxi, Jahrg. 1941, Heft 1. The differences, 
as far as it is possible to describe them in the absence of a male of the 
new species, are as follows :— 


(A)  tenutsaria is autumnal, flying in November. 
ghirshmani is vernal, flying in March-April. 
(B)  tenuisaria belongs to the Lycietwm of the Iraqi plain, an oasis 
biotope; in Palestine (the type-locality) it probably belongs to 
a similar biotope. Foodplant: Lycium barbarum, L. The 
moth is locally common. 
ghirshmami belongs to the Amygdaletum of the South Zagros 
Mts. It is euryoecous in the scrub zone and scarce. 


MIDDLE EAST LEPIDOPTERA: NEW FORMS AND SPECIES. VI. 99 


(C) tenuisaria Q forewing has a paler, i.e., less black-powdered 
median area, the dark shades being basad of the first line 
and terminad of the second line. 

ghirshmam @Q forewing has the area between the two lines more 
heavily powdered with black scales and no darker shades 
outside the area. 

(D)  tenwisaria (2 forewing)—the submarginal shade begins from the 
outer border well below the apex and then runs to the middle 
of the inner border, close to the outer line. 

ghirshmani Q forewing has no such shade. 

(E) tenwisaria (2 forewing)—the black outer line is obsolete near the 
apex, but is acutely angled in the neighbourhood of nervure 
8 and reaches the costa 2 or 3 mm. from the apex. 

ghirshmani (Q° forewing)—the black outer line is clearly defined 
throughout and slightly wavy but not acutely angled; it 
reaches the costa about 1 mm. from the apex. 


For the rest, the reader is referred to the plate, which shows both 
species. They are of similar size. 

ghirshmani typical material and data are:—Holotype, 92, 21.11.41, 
Shapur Gorge (Tang-i-Chugan), near Kazerun, Fars, 3000 ft., in coll. m. 
Paratype, 9, 7.iv.40, Pireh-Zan woods, 7000 ft., Fars, S.W. Iran, in 
coll. m. Both these specimens were taken on the wing at night in the 
vicinity of Amygdalus (wild almond) bushes, on which probably the 
species feeds. 

Named in honour of M. Roman Ghirshman, the French archaeolo- 
gist, and Mme. Ghirshman, in grateful recognition of their hospitality 
at Shapur at the time of the capture of the holotype. M. Ghirshman 
was charged by the Louvre with excavating the Sassanian city of 
Shapur. The author wishes here to acknowledge also with thanks the 
receipt from Mme. Ghirshman of some interesting specimens of Lepi- 
doptera taken at light at Shapur and later at Kabul, Afghanistan. 

Staudinger’s original description of tenuisaria (Iris, xii (1899), p. 394, 
Taf. v, Fig. 3) was made from two males, whose span was given as 25-26 
mm. The Basra female therefore, taken on 26.xi.48, becomes the 
neallotype of tenwisaria. It is partly described above, and this descrip- 
tion is supplemented by the accompanying photograph (Fig. C) and 
the following comparison between it and its male:—It is generally 
similar in facies to the male, though the markings are less contrasted ; 
the antenna is simple, that of the male is strongly bipectinated; span, 
27 mm. It seems to fly less than the male and is therefore less often 
caught. Staudinger’s original figure of the male is most unsatisfactory ; 
so is that in Seitz, Vol. iv. Neallotype in coll. mea. (Fig. C.) 

My Basra series of tenwisaria, Stgr., seems to be the first recapture 
since this moth was originally caught in Palestine on 7th November and 
5th December 1898. 

The early stages of tenwisaria are described, in the author’s ‘‘ Early 
Stages of Oriental Palaearctic Lepidoptera, VII,’’ which follows with 
a single plate which illustrates both articles, 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X /1944 


BITHYNIAN MT. OLYMPUS. 
By Matcorm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. 


This isolated mountain between the ancient city of Brusa and the 
site of Troy may have lost in romance by becoming Uludagh, which is 
the Turkish name for it, but it has gained immensely in accessibility. 
Thanks to the enterprise of the Brusa Alpine Club, there is not only a 
recular motor bus service up the mountain in the summer, but a small 
hotel, clean and friendly, at about 1750 metres. 

That made it possible for me to take advantage of a week’s leave and 
spend the time up the peak, when I had the pleasure of being joined by 
Professor Kosswig, of the Faculty of Zoology in Istanbul University, 
with his assistant, Dr Recai Ermin, and kalf-a-dozen young Turkish 
students, whose keenness was a delight. 

We rattled up in fine style through the zone of chestnut and hazel, 
then spruce and Aleppo pines, and soon came to the first juniper. The 
little hotel is on the northern flank of the crest, among open slopes with 
scattered stunted juniper, patches of wiry grass, mostly moistened by 
a number of springs, and backed by a forest of the Bornmiiller’s pine, 
which is endemic. Dotted about here and there were tall spikes of a 
curious yellow foxglove, Digitalis ferruginea, and a mullein, Verbascwm 
olympicum, both also endemic. This was promising. 

The Orthoptera fauna is not rich. During the week J was there I 
found nine species only. These were: an Ectobius sp., which I found 
by sweeping near the peak, at an altitude of at least 2000 m., but it 
escaped through a hole in the net and flew away. The other species 
were as follows :— 

Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Thunb., rather surprised me by occurring 
in swarms on the patches of close turf near the numerous springs. 

Stenobothrus fischeri, Ev., was very abundant in clumps of the 
coarse grass, Deschampsia flexuosa, or Aira caespitosa. They started 
climbing up the stems of the grass in the late afternoon, females greatly 
predominating, in such numbers that they suggested the incipient 
swarming of locusts. In one quite small clump of the grass I counted 
43 specimens. . 

Chorthippus apricarius, ., occurred sparingly on the grass, and 
Ch. cf. biguttulus, L., here and there among the pines. 

Although the ground seemed suitable, there was no sign of Oedipoda 
or Acrotylus so high up, but there was one more interesting Acridian, 
and that was Nocarodes burri, a hitherto unknown species to be 
described by Dr Uvarov. The clumsy females were common enough on 
the ground near the juniper bushes, but I found only two males; larvae 
were common enough, varying in colour much more than the adults, 
sometimes being almost white. The males are chocolate-brown when 
alive, relieved with buff; the dorsum is buff, the ventral segments being 
half black and half buff, giving it a striped appearance. The neck mem- 
brane is very dark, with a tinge of indigo; I could not detect the mysteri- 
ous glandular spot. I was very glad to find this, as in my heart I had 
expected to do so. Nocarodes is an interesting genus of apterous Pam- 
phagines. There are a number of very localized species. 

Among the Tettigoniids there were Poecilimon anatolicus, Ramme, 
closely related to P. bosphoricus; the coloration is slightly different, the 


BITHYNIAN MT. OLYMPUS. 101 


pronotum being deep red, black posteriorly, the side flaps green, yellow 
posteriorly; the dorsum is green, each segment brown at the base; the 
anal segment wine-red, the subgenital plate yellow. This coloration, 
noted from the living specimens, is worth recording, as it is fleeting. 


Another Phaneropterid was an undetermined species of Isophya, a 
handsome fellow, with black the dominant colour in the male. The 
pronotum is vinous red, and also the elytra; the dorsum is banded with 
greenish black and pinkish white, the flanks dark green. 


The only other Tettigoniid was a small, nimble Decticid, reminiscent 
of R. roeselui, and certainly very similar to Metrioptera. This turned 
out to be Anterastes anatolicus, described by Uvarov from a single 
female from Orhaneli, a village on another part of the mountain, at a 
lower elevation. It was numerous in places among bunches of wiry 
grass and in the juniper. 


In cleaning the Nocarodes, I found 53 eggs in one, 57 in another. 
In a third the eggs were reduced to a yellow pulp by four big Tachinid 
larvae, while another contained a single one. These larvae are wonder- 
fully vital; directly they were exposed, they started crawling hurriedly 
across the table, and survived the night in a box without apparent re- 
duction of vigour. 

On 27th August we went on an excursion up to the peak itself. After 
about three miles along a gently rising track, we struck uphill at right 
angles, to top the ridge, through juniper ankle deep, with the Ante- 
rastes, Poecilimon, Isophya and Nocarodes all fairly common, until we 
topped the crest itself. Here the change was abrupt. In front of us 
was a gently undulating saddle of white marble, dazzling in the sun- 
shine; there was very little vegetation, consisting mainly of cushions 
of Acantholimon echinus, L., with charming little flowers; the pretty 
pink corolla is blown away and sails down wind, coming down lke a 
parachute, but leaving a little mauve calyx, veined with a deeper tint. 
The leaves look soft, but are deceptive, for they are as stiff and prickly 
as wire, as I found out when I sat down on one. 

To our left there rose a massive hummock, the peak itself, rising to 
2550 metres, surpassed by a second peak a mile or two further on, 
tipped with basalt, which reaches 2590 metres. 

As I trudged up the footpath that leads to the ski-ers shelter on 
the very top, I noticed a white butterfly dashing swiftly past. I suc- 
ceeded in catching it, to find, to my surprise, that it was a NSatyrus, 
bleached almost to the whiteness of the rocks around. Further on, a 
bigger white butterfly sped across the track, which was caught by one 
of my young Turkish friends. I gazed at it with admiration, for it was 
more than forty years since I had seen a living Parnassius, the last time 
being on the Montenegrin Durmitor. 

Professor Kosswig explains to me that this Olympian race had been 
discriminated by de Lattin a year or two previously, and was P. apol- 
lo, ssp. kosswigi, a translation of the original description of which has 
recently appeared in the Ent. Record (1944, pp. 57-58). 

We sat and chewed our lunch at the foot of the hut. The scenery 
was magnificent, for we could look down upon both northern and south- 
ern flanks. The latter is much steeper, in places dropping almost sheer 
for a thousand feet or more. The trees, Abies bornmiilleri, climb higher 
up on that more sheltered side: beyond, a rugged, brown, sunburnt 


102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, , 15/X /1944 


country, while away to the south-west we could see the shimmering 
waters of Lake Apollonius. A little further, but not visible to us, was 
the village of Hisarlik, better known to us under the name of Troy. 


The weather was equal to the scenery, for the sky was spotless but 
for the black speck of a Vultwr monachus poised at an immense height, 
and, wonder of wonders, the air was still. Kosswig told me that he had 
been up here often, but never before known a day without a wind, and 
usually there was a gale; on his last visit, he said, the wind had blown 
his lunch away while he was eating it. For this stillness I was pro- 
foundly thankful, for down on the Bosphorus the unceasing wind had 
been a torment to me through three summers. 


The rock was weathered into small stones, with only here and there 
one big enough to invite turning over. When I did so, I found the 
local myriapod, Brachyiulus wlunus, Verh., and several clusters of Coc- 
cinella 7-punctata. To my astonishment, I found a cluster of Ante- 
rastes anatolicus. This was a most unusual place to find a Decticid, 
but up here there were no bushes for it, nor even grass, and it is diffi- 
cult to see how or why this flightless cricket had climbed so high. 

Bird life was not much in evidence. An eagle soaring, a dorsal 
aspect of a kestrel hovering was all we noticed on top. To our left we 
had passed a.cirque, haunted by Alpine chough and water pipits (Anthus 
spinolettus). 

Here and there in the saucer separating the two peaks were patches 
of sandy flats, with close turf, decorated with tall purple thistles, golden- 
crowned everlastings, Helichrysum orientale, and a tall, yellow Com- 
posite, with a stunted forget-me-not and a queer little garlic, with gold 
and purple bunch of flowers, Allium flavum. The big thistles were all 
haunted by big bumble bees, while in one small patch my eyes were 
fascinated by a dozen or more of those magnificent Parnassius apollo, 
revelling in the honey. On the sandy patches there were Cicindela sp., 
very active in the sun and difficult to catch. The only grasshopper I 
found here was a single specimen of Myrmeleotettix maculatus, that was 
forming the dinner of a small black spider under a stone. 

Here and there were a few patches of shrubs, flattened and stunted. 
These were a Daphne, clinging to one of which [I found a pair of apollo 
in copula, and the other juniper, haunted by a few Anterastes, which 
interested me because, when chased, they took refuge under stones. 

A few days later we returned to the marble saucer, but, leaving the 
peak on our left, struck across it, and topped the ridge, to descend a 
little way down the southern flank. It was an impressive scene, as the 
abyss was profound and steep, the walls supported, as it were, by a 
series of rocky buttresses capped with the pine. I stopped.on the top 
of one of these and waited while my younger friends climbed down a 
thousand feet or more to see a famous waterfall. ; 

It was a charming spot, where I lay and basked, watching the birds 
and insects around. There were several flowers left, such as the massive 
spike of Gentiwm flavum, as high as a foxglove, a few big spikes of Ver- 
bascwm, and various unfamiliar shrubs and flowers, studded with a few 
stunted Bornmiiller’s pines. 

Anterastes anatolicus was numerous here, more so than at the lower 
level near the hotel, and there were plenty of the Poecilimon. These 
seemed to be all teneral, which is surprising at the very end of August, 


BITHYNIAN MT. OLYMPUS. 103 


for along the Bosphorus they are over at the beginning of July. There 
was no short turf for Myrmeleotettiz, but among the pines were a grass- 
hopper that I considered Chorthippus biguttulus, L. While sweeping 
among the low shrubs, IJ found a male Hctobiws in my net. J was sur- 
prised, and it was too quick for me, for it took to wing and was gone in 
a flash, an unexpected trick on the part of a cockroach. I worked very 
hard to find another, but without success. This was a pity, as it seems 
an unusual locality and altitude. 


There were plenty of butterflies, too. A few P. apollo straggled down 
from the white marble to greet me, and a small Argynnis came up, while 
there were a fair number of a small, rather dingy Lycaenid. I sent 
them to Mr Wheeler, who thinks they may turn out to be interesting. 


Bird life was well in evidence. A large flock of bee-eaters was hawk- 
ing all around. One does not often see these lovely birds, for on the 
Bosphorus they appear on the spring and autumn migration, though I 
am told they spend the summer on the shores of the Marmora. A fly- 
catcher, I think our common species, was hawking off a dead branch 
of a pine near me, while a Bonelli’s warbler and serins visited the mul- 
leins. An unfamiliar thrush, with very pale breast, paid me a pop- 
visit, while in the sky a kestrel was hanging, and an eagle sailed by in 
dignity. I believe it was the golden, though Kosswig saw A. clangula 
lower down. 

A week’s leave slips quickly by, my first for four years. We spent 
our last evening dining in the students’ camp, in a clearing, at the 
foot of a huge granite boss. Just beside their camp was a patch with a 
colour scheme unusual in nature. I found it was a bed of everlastings, 
with grey-white stalks and leaves, crowned with golden, while here and 
there among them grew an immense sorrel-stalk, leaves and fruit all 
deep red. 


It was a magnificent evening, with brilliant moon and cloudless sky. 
In the far distance a forest fire added a touch of grim beauty. As we 
sat, wondering at the silence of the forest and apparent lifelessness, we 
saw three large birds outlined like black silhouettes against the emerald 
sky of the dying daylight. 

‘‘ Buzzards !’’ exclaimed Kosswig. 

‘“ Never !’’ said I, ‘‘ they must be owls.”’ 

I called them by hooting on my hands, and in a moment three brown 
owls flew up, circled around our keads, sat a moment on a pine to watch 
us, then, coming to the conclusion that we must be humans, they van- 
ished as silently as they had come. 


That day had been a bairam, or public holiday, so the bus had not 
come up to fetch us. The next day was a bairam too. I could not over- 
stay my leave, so we hired a woodman’s donkey to carry our kit, and 
we tramped down on foot. 


We took it easily, but when, after seven hours tramping, we arrived 
in Brusa, we were tired and thirsty. I flung myself upon an armchair 
in the Luka Palace Hotel, and called for beer to drink and water to 
wash in. 

But the Luka Palas Hotel could provide neither! 

The interesting point about these few Orthoptera is that there is 
nothing strikingly Anatolian about them. The Ectobius is a member of 


*§ RECORD, 15/X/1944 


104 ENTOMOLOGIST 
a purely European genus that cxtends northwards to Lapland. The 
four grasshoppers are of Angaran (Siberian) origin, and they must be 
near their southern limit of distribution, especially M. maculatus, which 
is a northern form. True, Poecilimon and Isophya are genera that ap- 
pear to have arisen in Anatolia, but they extend well into Europe, even 
to Western Europe. The only Decticid, Anterastes, is more EKuropean 
in connection than Anatolian, for the only other two members of the 
genus (I write from memory), sre one in Serbia and another in the 
South of France. 

Nocarodes is an eastern, Levantine and Caucasian genus, which, like 
Poecilimon, Isophya, and other apterous genera, ‘‘ pulverised,’’ to use 
Jeannel’s expression, into a number of isolated species, but is not by 
any means peculiarly Anatolian. 

The same relations are borne out by the Olympian race of P. apollo, 
kosswigt, which de Lattin states is closer to the form of Thessalian 
olympus than to the rather numerous other forms characterising various 
mountains in Anatolia. 


SUBSTITUTE FOOD-PLANTS. 
By Frank Batrour-Browne, F.R.S.E., F.R.E.S. 


I was interested in a note on this subject by E. P. Wiltshire (1943, 55: 
78-85) and now a further note on the same subject has appeared (1944, 
56: 74-78). But neither of the authors defines what he means by sub- 
stitute food-plants. Caterpillars will feed on various plants, but will 
not necessarily do so at all stages of their existence, nor can they com- 
plete their metamorphosis on all the plants upon which they will feed. 

My experience with the Little Eggar (Hriogaster lanestris, L.) is to 
the point. I succeeded im rearing moths from larvae hatched and fed 
upon elm, birch, sallow, rose and laurel. Egg-masses placed upon willow 
hatched and some of the larvae survived to the second stage. Older 
larvae fed on willow, if sleeved upon it, but did not pupate. Larvae 
about the second or third stage grew well on hazel and filbert but never 
formed a cocoon. 

The experiments in America with the Gipsy Moth (Ocneria dispar, 
L.) also showed that caterpillars would feed readily upon certain plants 
but could not complete their metamorphosis. On some foods only males 
hatched out. . 

Therefore a list of food-plants for a particular species requires more 
detail than is given in the two notes in the Hnt. Rec., but such a list 
indicates the possibilities for research as to (1) how many of these plants 
are ‘‘ perfect ’’ foods and (2) for those interested in bio-chemistry, why 
are some plants only suitable at certain stages in the life of the cater- 
pillar? Anyone interested in the subject should refer to Mosher’s paper 
on the ‘‘ Food Plants of the Gipsy Mcth in America,” U.S. Dept. Agric. 
Bull., CCL, 1915. 


Brae, Dumfries, August 28, 1944. 


SUB-SPECIES OF MELITAEA DEIONE, GEYER. 105 


SUBSPECIES CF MELITAEA DEIONE, GEYER. 
By Brigadier-General B. H. Cooxrt, C.M.G., C.B.E., D.S.O. 


In the ‘‘ Revision of the athalia group of the genus Melitaea,’* by 
Dr Verity, published in the Transactions of the Royal Entomological 
Society of London in September 1940, the author includes the follow- 
ing ‘‘race’’ of Melitaea deione :— 


M. deione, Geyer race (?) espunaensis, Korb. 

His description of it is as follows:— 

‘* This name, which has hitherto been completely overlooked, was 
given by Korb to a very large race from the Sierra de Kspufa (Pro- 
vince of Murcia), described as having very variable females with a broad 
light yellow central area and strongly curved and dentated transverse 
lines, so that it is said to differ greatly from the race of the Sierra 
Alfacar of Andalusia. Whether the insect which Korb had before him 
was in reality a form of W/. deione, Geyer, or a form of exerge helvetica, 
Ruhl, of VW. athalia, Rottenburg, it is impossible to say from his descrip- 
tion. This race is here provisionally retained under the first-named 
species.’’ 

In 1927 I made a long stay in South Spain and collected this species 
at Granada, in the Sierra de Espufia and in the plains around the city 
of Murcia, and have good series from these localities, where I found. it 
abundant and in two generations. When I visited the Sierra de Alfacar 
in mid-June I saw no deione. If the species flies there, the first genera- 
tion was already over. 

Dr Verity describes the Andalusian form (which presumably includes 
that of Granada) under the name of ‘‘ race’’ nitida, Obth., and enters 
into a rather involved discussion as to whether it is a race of M. deione 
or of M. athala. 

All the insects of this Melitaea group which I took either at Granada, 
at Murcia or in the Sierra de Espufia were identical in form, and un- 
mistakably belonged to a subspecies of deione, the females more or less 
agreeing with Korb’s description quoted above. I saw no species of 
Melitaea anywhere that could have been mistaken for a form of athalia. 

I consider, therefore, that the detone from Murcia, the Sierra de 
Espufha, Granada, and doubtless other districts in Southern Spain. 
should all be included in one subspecies, presumably nitida, Obth. 

Dr Verity, in his ‘“‘ Revision,’’ apparently uses the terms ‘‘ exerge ”’ 
and ‘‘ race ’? for what most other authors consider ‘‘ species ”’ and 
““ subspecies,’ which adds to the complication, 

Others besides me have collected in the Sierra de Espuna, and it 
seems a pity that Dr Verity did not collect further evidence before in- 
cluding a separate ‘‘ race’’ of deione on such slender grounds. 


86 Osborne Road, Windsor, September 12, 1944. 


ABEGERIA BEMBECIFORMIS ON RHuM.—For the first time we have en- 
countered larvae of this species on our island expeditions. It had at- 
- tacked and destroyed an example of Salix viminalis just in front of our 
““ camp.’’—J. W. Hestop Harrison, Isle of Rhum. 


106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1944 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


A Zycarna Cotony.—On 14th July a young local collector, Philip. 
Hughes, told me that he had caught a Yellow Burnet; this proved to: 
be Zygaena filipendulae var. flava. 

On 16th July, he took me to the spot which was a small clearing in 
Epping Forest, not more than 50 yards by 30 yards, and in this small 
place filipendulae was common. After half-an-hour’s search, he had 
found another yellow one, and I had found two more, and then, to my 
amazement, I caught a beautiful var. chrysanthemi. On 20th July one: 
more yellow one was taken, and then no more fresh specimens seemed to: 
emerge. 

Dr Cockayne tells me that he has never heard of these two varieties. 
occurring in the same colony, and as this one is so small, I look forward 
to next year to see what it brings forth. 

Among the colony, I found a few Zygaena lonicerae, and as I found. 
two or three filipendulae with the sixth spot only the size of a pin-point, 
IT suspect that these are hybrids.—A. RussELi JAMES. 


ALTERNATIVE FooprLants.—With reference to the notes on alterna- 
tive foodplants appearing in the Ent. Record, perhaps the following: 
may be of interest. In August 1943, I took two female Anaitis plagi- 
ata, and the larvae of both broods were fed till late autumn on Hyperi- 
cum perforatum. Being kept in a sheltered spot, the larvae became 
active at the end of February 1944, and as no H. perforatwm was avail- 
able, I tried them on H. calycinwm. This they would not touch, but 
readily ate another cultivated species, whose name I am not sure of,. 
but which grows to a height of about three feet. 

When perforatum was available later on, I gave this to them, but 
they refused it, and ate the cultivated species until full fed. 

Unfortunately all the larvae died then, possibly due to a change of 
foodplant; as there were ova of two Qs, this seems a possibility.—A. H- 
SPERRING. 


OccURRENCE oF ACRYDIUM suBULATUM, L. (ORTHOPT.) IN BEDFORD- 
sHIRE.-—[ first found this rather local ground hopper on 16th April 1944 
in a sandpit at Fancott, a small village five miles from Luton, on gault. 
I have subsequently caught large numbers of this species in the same 
locality on two occasions, 28rd and 26th of the same month. 

In this species the pronotum and wings extend beyond the hind knees, 
while in the other two species ef this genus occurring in Britain the 
pronotum and wings are much shorter. The measurements of the speci- 
mens captured are as follows :--2—Length of abdomen, 7-8 mm.; length 
of pronotum, 11.5-12 mm.; length of elytra, 1.5-2.5 mm. ¢G—Length of 
abdomen, 5 mm.; length of pronotum, 9 mm.; length of elytra, 1.5 mm. 

Unfortunately, only one male was captured, but several females, of 
which the mean sizes are given, were caught. 


The wings and pronotum seem longer in comparison with the abdo- 
men than suggested by Dr Burr in Brit. Grasshoppers and their Allies, 
but so far as I can see the edges of the fore femora are straight, and so 
presumably it is not a foreign species. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 107 


The habitat in which it was taken is typical for this species. The 
sand is completely waterlogged throughout the year and is at times 
covered with water. The whole of the area is covered with Typha and 
the mud contains large numbers of filamentous algae (mainly 
Spirogyra) and a few unicellular species which are unidentifiable. On 
these algae it presumably feeds (see Brit. Grass., etc.). 

Dr Burr also says it is never found far away from water, and this 
is certainly true in this case, as there is alse a large permanent pond 
nearby. 

A number of varieties occur in the pit, of which the most coinmon is 
one in which the colour is reddish-brown, distinct from the usual 
speckled-brown appearance of the species. Another variety has large 
grey areas on the top and sides of the pronotum. [I believe its song to 
resemble the squeaking of a shrew, but of this I am not sure. Its song 
is not mentioned in Dr Burz’s book. 

Another locality where it may occur is Flitwick Marsh, further north 
from Fancott, but I have no record of it from there. 

Other records for the county not noted in Dr Burr’s book are:— 
Stenobothrus lineatus—Chalk downs (common), Barton and Pegsdon; 
Omocestus viridulus—Chalk downs, Luton; Conocephalus dorsalis—Flit- 
wick Marsh.—B. R. Laurence, 31 Sherwood Road, Lutcn,’ Beds, 
24/4/44. 


THe TENANTS OF AN IsoLATED BUSH OF SALIX ATROCINEREA ON THE ISLE 
or Ruum.—On 8th August we went to Camas Plhasgaeg to examine a 
cave known to contain a kitchen midden. Just to the west of the cave, 
jutting out from the cliff and overhanging the storm beach was a single 
bush of Salix atrocinerea which appeared to be well eaten. Almost at 
once the sight of a full grown larva of Amorpha populi indicated one 
species responsible for the damage, and further search of the bush re- 
vealed the presence of four more larvae and two ova of the same species. 
Curiously enough, whilst four of these larvae were of the bright green 
form, the fifth was ot the whitish-green variety so often found on Salix 
caprea. In addition, one larva of Hydriomena ruberata was taken, a 
species more often encountered in the north of the island near Shamhnan 
Insir. In the Hebrides, one grows accustomed to find Abraxas grossu- 
lariata attached to all kinds of unusual foodplants, so that no surprise 
was felt when six batches of eggs of that species and numbers of young 
larvae were also detected. Needless to say, the spun shoots contained 
the ubiquitous Peronea hastiana larvae. Of species other than Lepi- 
dopterous, there were two batches of the sawfly, Croesus septentrionalis, 
one nearly full grown and well dispersed, and the other newly hatched. 
Of the gall-making sawflies, Pontania pedunculi was in fair numbers, as 
was also one of the leaf-rolling forms. It seems difficult to understand 
how these insects, especially the A. popult, manage to maintain them- 
selves, firstly, because of the position of their single foodplant and, 
secondly, because the larvae and pupae must be exposed to drenching 
spray, and even waves, throughout the winter months.—Professor J. W. 
Hestop Harrison, F.R.S., Isle of Rhum, 10th August 1944. 


BoaRMIA RHOMBOIDARIA AND GONODONTIS BIDENTATA ON THE ISLE OF 
RuuM.—These two species are, of course, common enough generally; 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1944 


nevertheless, both are distinctly rare in the Small Isles Parish of Inver- 
ness-shire. In fact, this is the first occasion on which we have noted the 
first-named, although the second has been beaten freely enough as larvae 
from birch and alder. However, to-day has been very stormy, and rain 
driving in from the south-west has made survey work impossible. After 
performing the usual essential duties, therefore, we have been reduced 
to playing squash rackets (on Rhum!). Around the coast, webs of the 
spider, Ciniflo fenestralis, yielded examples of two species named above 
in a mummified condition; but were quite typical.—J. W. Hxestor Har- 
RIsoN, Isle of Rhum, Inverness-shire. 


FLowers VISITED BY BOMBUS SMITHIANUS, WHITE.—This season so 
far neither queens nor workers of B. smithianus have been really plen- 
tiful although both have been observed at flowers of Erica cinerea and 
E. tetraliz. To-day, at 9 p.m. (D.S.T.), despite the gale and heavy rains, 
I observed a worker of the species very assiduously probing flowers of 
Tiopaeolum majus, which it left occasionally for Lobelia blossoms. I 
disturbed it several times, but it returned persistently until I was 
forced to leave. This is only the second occasion on which J have noted 
B. smithianus in the Kinloch area.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, Isle of 
Rhum. 


NEPTICULA ANOMALELLA ON WiLpD Ross IN THE ISLE oF RHUM.—One of 
the special groups allocated to me for study during the course of our 
Hebridean expeditions is the wild roses. The shrubs, although much 
more plentiful in the Western Isles than is generally imagined, are very 
local. Two days ago, on a cliff about half-a-mile west of Creag na 
h-Iolaire, I observed a rose growing from a perpendicular crevice. 
Naturally, I climbed to it for specimens and found it to be a well-grown 
example of Rosa canina var. fraxinoides. Moreover, it harboured a 
huge colony of Nepticula anomalella, more usually encountered as a 
garden pest in England and rarely found anywhere in Scotland so far 
as my knowledge goes. Again, it seems marvellous how the insect main- 
tains itself on an isolated shrub in such an exposed situation.—J. W. 
Hestop Harrison, Isle of Rhum. 


CURRENT NOTES. 


SourH-EasterRN Union oF ScientTiIFIc SocreTres.—In view of the 
present circumstances it has been decided to postpone the Annual Con- 
gress until the Autumn. The new date is Saturday, 14th October, when © 
the Congress will be held at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, 
under the Presidency of Prof. Lancelot Hogben, F.R.S. The Congress 
Bulletin will be circulated as soon as arrangements have been completed. 


Ir would be interesting to hear from our readers what they have to 
say about the effect that this most abnormal season has had upor the 
insect life of the countryside. Three weeks spent in the very heart of 
a well-wooded mid-Surrey area have afforded not more than 3 species 
of butterilies and scarcely a moth could be stirred from the hedgerows 
and sheltered banks. Nor did the abundant growth of foliage show traces 
of larval depredation. . 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (161) 


andatus. Alae anticae canae fusco nigro subfulvoque nebulosae. Stig- 
mata ordinaria magna alba, at in medio plus minusve cinerea. Juxta 
marginem posticum striga multidentata nigra ordineque punctorum fus- 
eorum marginali.’’ Haw. 

It is the grandis, Donovan, and the plebeja, Hb., 78, ‘‘ The Grey 
Arches.”’ 


ssp. nimbosa, Gn., Hist. Nat., II, 77 (1852). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Very near nebulosa but it has a different look: 
the wings are more rounded, the abdomen shorter, the thorax more 
thickly covered, with stronger patagia, the collar straighter. The fore- 
wings are of ashy-white slightly yellowish, covered with black atoms, but 
less numerous, above all on the costa, and the markings are of a more 
decided black. The orbicular is quite round and more distinctly circled 
with black. The fringe is noticeably longer, more perfect. The hind- 
wings are more obscure, with fringes of a pure white; the median line 
and the lunule are stronger and below this line also thicker, is appreci- 
ably nearer the cellular lunule, which is larger. The pterygodes are 
bordered exteriorly with black; but the interior border if it exists does 
not form a pronounced projection behind the collar as in nébulosa.”” N. 
America. 


race askolda, Obthr., Et. Ent., V, 79 (1890). 


Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Only differs from the ordinary French type by its 
tint being of a little more slaty-grey, consequently much duller in colour.”’ 
Isle of Askold [‘‘ violet suffused all over ’’—see below, Iris, X, 334.] 

Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., V, 114 (1905): ‘‘ Rather browner; a large 
form.’’ E. Siberia, Japan. 


race lama, Stdgr., Iris, IX, 254 (1896). 

Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ Only one fresh, small ¢ 44 mm. in expanse, of all 
my nebulosa this gives a really different aspect. It somewhat resembles 
the var. askold@® Obthr., but is much smaller and lighter; the forewings 
are smutty ash-grey, the markings stand out far less, the outer trans- 
verse line (elbowed) is obsolescent. The black wisp spot at the lower 
tooth of the lighter transverse line before the outer margin stands out 
particularly distinct (sharp), the hindwings and the underside of all 
the wings are lighter than in nebulosa and r. askolda; on the dark grey 
underside of the forewing a part of the veining stands out sharply darker, 
but a lighter outermarginal part is not noticeable, as it is in single 
specimens of v. askolda.’’ Tlliassutai. (Changati.) 


race asiatica, Stdgr., Iris, X, 334 (1897). 

Orig. Descrre.—‘‘ A perfect pair, is somewhat darker than European 
examples, and agree therein with those from Central Asia, Altai, and 
the Amur. I thought at first that it must be placed withthe var askolda, 
Obthr. (also darker), from the Amur, but the typical var. askolda have 
darker forewings, which are violet-suffused all over. This is not the case 
in my dark Asiatic nebulosa.”’ 

Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., V, 114 (1905): ‘‘ Forewing dull grey, size 
- somewhat smaller.”? C. Asia. 


ab. thompsoni, Arkle, E.M.M., XL, 180 (1904). 


(162) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X /1944 


Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ The upper wings are black. There is an indistinct, 
and slightly blacker median fascia or transverse band. The upper and. 
widest part of this band embraces the discoidal cell in which the dis- 
coidal spots (orbicular and reniform) appear faintly as smoky-black mark- 
ings, paler than the rest of the wing area. The outer margins are white, 
and include, in addition to the cilia, the areas of black crescentic spots. 
which appear in the typical form of the insect from Delamere Forest. 
These white margins are consequently scalloped interiorly. The ip 
margins have three white spots near the apical angle. 

‘“The lower wings are smoky-black. The abdomen smoky-black with 
darker dorsal crests, and darker posteriorly. The anal tuft is white. 
The anterior and lateral crests of the thorax are black pointed behind. 
and well developed. The latter have long, broad, interior white patches. 

‘The front legs are black, the hind legs smoky-black with white 
spots.’’ 

The above description, with the references to ‘‘ white’’ characters. 
would do well for f. robsoni. The ab. thompsona would appear to be an 
extreme of robsoni in which the black is intensely so and with the lighter 
portions still lighter to real white which is intensely so in the outer 
margins of the wings where it engulfs the crescentic marginal spots: 
which give it a ‘‘ scalloped’ appearance; Dr Cockayne does not agree 
with this but says that it is the ‘‘ homozygote’’ and robsoni is the: 
‘« heterozygote.” 


ab. conspicua, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., I11, 78 (1909). 

Fieg.—l.c., plt. 19e. 

Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ A pale brownish-grey form, in which the submar- 
ginal line is conspicuously black and continuous throughout, even more 
prominently than in the ab. calabrica: the underside with the extreme 
outer margin and fringe prominently pale ochreous.”’ 


ab. calabrica, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 78 (1909). 

Fig.—l.c., plt. 19e. 

Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ A very large form; the forewing with pale blue- 
grey ground colour, irrorated and suffused with dark grey in basal half 
(in one example all over the forewing), with all the lines and stigmata 
strongly expressed in black and pale grey, the submarginal line in par- 
ticular being continuous, black and dentate, the hindwing is likewise 
much darker, with all the veins, the cell-spot and under line well 
marked.’’ Sila Mts. near Botte Dial! Calabria. 


var. plumbosa, Mans., Ent., I, 49 (1917). 

Orig. Drescrip.—‘' Forewings leaden-grey to fuscous-grey; stigmata 
faintly outlined with white and exteriorly with black; transverse lines. 
faintly white, posteriorly black, interrupted; a transverse series of small 
black acute tooth-shaped marks representing the subterminal lines; on 
the termen a series of black lunules and dots; the veins in the subter- 
minal region black: hindwings in both sexes uniformly dark grey, the 
veins darker than the ground colour. Head, thorax, patagia and ab- 
domen as in var. bimaculosa, but slightly darker.’’ Liverpool area. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (163) 


Aplecta, Gn. (1841) (1852), Dup., Sth., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz. [ Polia, 
Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Hamps.: Melanchra, Hb. (1820), Meyr., Meyr. : 
Mamestra, Hb. (1821), Stdgr., Splr., Sth., Culot] tincta, Brahm (1791). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 69 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 86 (1895): Barr., 
Lep. Br. Is., 1V, 158, plt. 154, 2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., I1led., 155 (1901) : 
splezechans Hur, 1, 169, plt. 36, 11 (905):. Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 111 
(1905): South, M@.B.I., I, 237, plt. 117, 1 (4907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., 
ei ges pee. boc (E909),- .Culot,, N.. et..G.,,.£.C), 98, plts 16; 14 (1911): 
Meyr., Rev. Handb., 157 (1928). 


Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 86, f. 467a, b, ec (1790), gave 
good figures. Both figures have a dark band passing between the stig- 
mata. They express the strong opinion that the characteristics do not 
conform with those of hepatica. 

Ksp., Abbild. Noct., IV, 2 (1), 400, plt. 131, 5 (1789+1?), gave a 
figure under the name trimaculosa, which is generally attributed to 
tincta although much too dark for the ‘‘ Silver Arches,’’ and scarcely 
recognizable as such. Werneb. confirms the identification, l.c., Ll, 48. 


de Villers, Linn. Ent., II, 649 (1789), described it under the name 
occulta. 

Bork., Naturg. Noct., 1V, 543 (1792), described tincta from the only 
example (from Brahm) he had seen, but gave a single reference only, 
Scriba, Beitrage, III, plt. xviii, f. 2. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 77 (1800-3), described this species under the 
name hepatica in error, as in his Text he corrected it to tincta. His 
figure was an excellent one of the species. 

Laspeyres, in [llig. Mag., II, 109 (1803), in an article which dealt 
at length with the new and revised edition of the Wien Verz. by Illiger 
(1801), discussed the identification of hepatica and its relation with the 
hepatica in Clerck’s Icones. He said that Hiibner’s hepatica (tincta, 
Brahm) did not belong to the same group as the hepatica of the Verz. 
of Schiff. He referred to the figure and description in Scriba. Beitr., 
III, 255, plt. xviii, 2 (1793). This fig. is large but quite recognizable 
as tincta without a doubt. The description is by Brahm. 


[The tincta controversy is rendered more intricate by the pseudo- 
recognition of the Icones of Clerck (1759 ?). This work was not ‘‘ pub- 
lished,’’ and therefore dependence on it is invalid. It was written for 
the Swedish royal house and only a few copies are known to exist. It 
consists of a series of plates of coloured figures many bad and difficult 
of identification. | 


Haw., Lep. Brit., 186 (1809), described this species under the name 
argentina, the ‘‘ Silvery Arches,’’ and said it was hepatica, Hb. 77. 
Werneb., Beitr., I, 213, stated his view that hepatica, L. (Fn. S. and 
Sys. Nat.), was the form hepatica, Clerck, Icones, which was the tincta, 
ir: (See Stett. e. Ztz., 1858, p. 290, ‘‘ Notes on the rare Clerck’s 
Icones,’’? by Werneburg.) 

Treit., Schm. Noct., V (2), 43 (1825), gave references to authors, who 
identified tincta with advena, occulta, hepatica, characterea and tri- 
-maculosa mainly in error. He discussed at length the question whether 
hepatica, of Linn., Sys. Nat., ditto of Fn. Suec., and of Clerck, Icones, 


(164) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1944 


plt. 8, f. 5, are to be identified with tincta, and he submitted a letter 
of Ochsenheimer’s giving his opinion. He, Ochs., pointed out that the 
words ‘‘ alis glaucescentibus ’’ referred undoubtedly to tincta and not 
to hepatica (true). Later Hb., in his Text, p. 190, corrected hepatica 
to tincta. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 389, plt. 96, 3 (1826), gave a figure much too 
formal and stiff in marking on both fore and hindwings. The reniform 
and claviform are of a brilliant red. The transverse lines are too de- 
finite especially on the hindwings, where they are difficult to trace in 
both British and Continental examples. 

Frr., New. Beitr., IV, plt.. 293 (1842), gave a) very fair® fic: of 
tincta, and discussed the errors of identification made by previous 
authors. He had given in his Beitr., plts. x and xxviii, all stages of 
both occulta and advena, from which tincta was characterized by its 
clear silvery green and purplish-red shades. He went on to say that he 
was convinced that the fig. in Clerck (Icones, VIII, 3) labelled hepatica 
was none other than tincta, and that the hepatica, L., was distinct from 
tincta and could be more readily united to rurea. He found that the 
obscurity of the connection of tincta and hepatica was now cleared. 

Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 81 (1852), remarked on the figure hepatica, 
Clerck, showed the red and blue in such a way that it affords great re- 
semblance with eur tincta with the result that errors have arisen in 
identification as in the case of Hb. 

Barrett, l.c., on plate 154 figured five specimens. Fig. 2b is a small 
Scotch bluish-gerey form. Figs. 2c and 2d from Staffordshire should have 
blackish-purple markings, but the former has no markings of that colour. 

Stdgr., Cat., IITed., 155 (1901), treated hepatica, Hb., as a synonym, 
and only recognized one form, his own ab. obscurata. 

Hamp., Lep. Ph., V, 111 (1905), gave only one f. obscwrata, Stdgr. 
‘‘ Smaller and darker.’’ 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 169, plt. 36, f. 11 (1905), gave a good figure and 
dealt with hepatica, suffusa and obscurata. 

South, M.B.J., I, 237, plt. 117, 5 (1907), gave a very good figure of 
the average British form. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., ITI, 78, plt. 19c (1909), gave three very good 
figures, ¢ and 9 typical showing the blue areas clearly, and ab. hepa- 
tica, Hb., with the slight brown suffusion darker. They treated trima- 
culosa, Esp., and argentina, Haw., as synonyms, and dealt with obscur- 
ata, Stdgr., from the Amur, ab. hepatica, Hb., and suffusa, Tutt, 
with a purple-brown median area. 

Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 98, plt. 16, f. 14 (1911), gave an excellent figure 
of a somewhat dark form. 


Variation as stated by Barrett :—‘‘ Usually not variable except in a 
small degree in the extent of purple-brown clouding, which in some in- 
stances extends itself broadly over the forewings, in others is restricted 
to only a portion of the central space; but there is also some local varia- 
tion, specimens from Scotland having the ground colour of the forewings 
more tinged with grey or bluish and the markings more purplish; while 
in North Staffordshire this tendency appears to be intensified, speci- 
mens forwarded from that district being decidedly bluish, with almost 
blackish-purple clouding. Examples from Scotland appear to be usually 
smaller.’’ 


All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to 
Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. 

We must earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- 
TIONS IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. 

REPRINTS of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if 
ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. 

Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the 
AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the a ih 


TO OUR READERS. 
Short Collecting Notes and Current Notes. Please, Early.—Eds. 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. 
They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 

Wanted urgently for experimental purposes, ova or larvae (forced) of A. caia 
which are not going into hibernation—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, 
Surrey. 

Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than ab. lutea and 
ab. bimacula. Duplicates—British L. l-album, exigua, cribrum, ocellaris ab. 
intermedia, etc.—Dr H. B. D. Kettiewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. E 

Wanted—American Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the 
Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. 
Write kK. J. Hayward, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Calle Miguel Litlo 205, Tucuman, 
Republica Argentina. 

Duplicates—Rhopalocera from China and Peru, in papers, perfect condition, 
with data. Desiderata—Similar material except from North America.— 
John W. Moore, 154 Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 30. 

Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or 
from any other animal.—H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, 
Somerset. 

‘Wanted.—Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all regions including British Isles. 
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Book Wanted.—Barrett, British Lepidoptera, Vol. 3; also Brady or Gurney Cabinet, 
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ASYMMETRY, Rev. Desmond Murray i ie Sad ihe a Sh peat AOS 
EARLY STAGES OF ORIENTAL PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA, E. a) 
Wiltshire uN he dis ot vi xe Y iy fie yok oe Arai i 6 | 
NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF PSODOS CORACINA, ESP., E. A. 
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- 


VOL. LVI. PLATE III. 


Za 
Murray del. 


Ent Reeord we Seumree a Varralion. VYolLV. 


) ASYMMETRY. 109 
-—. of Com Darsss. 
LS ooosy ~“ ASYMMETRY. 
( pec 111944 / By Rev. Dismond Mornay. 
Nuodt) dha tie (Plate III.) 


The duplicate parts of the internal organs of Lepidoptera are re- 
markably constant in the greater majority, but in comparatively rare 
cases there is a want of symmetry, i.e., the organs are not alike on two 
sides. 

The late Mr F. N. Pierce found that such various parts of the 
genital organs as the valves, the juxta and the vinculum were occasion- 
ally so affected, especially in the case of the valves and their armature. 
He has shown conclusively by his life’s work, on the interesting com- 
parison of the genitalia, that species can be differentiated by these 
organs where other means fail. 

Wing markings, colour, size, and similar external factors are often 
affected by environment and show considerable variation, but this does 
not apply to the internal organs, which remain unchanged. For this 
reason, the examination of the genitalia is considered by many to be 
the best means of distinguishing and separating one species from an- 
other; the study of all the characters in combination, nevertheless, is 
necessary. 

The seven volumes, which Pierce has left us, cover the genitalia. of 
practically all our native species, of Lepidoptera, and must remain the 
key, as well as the source of additional knowledge, reaching into the 
vast field of the same and other families of Lepidoptera throughout the 
world. 

“The study of the whole order of Lepidoptera has convinced me,”’ 
Pierce says, ‘‘ that the genitalia throughout the order have been de- 
veloped on the lines of a common plan, which has been so far modified 
as to suit the requirements of each individual group. Some of the 
parts may be atrophied or even absent, others decorated with elaborate 
armature, others much displaced, others now free, now fused together, 
but the main features remain common to all the groups.’ (Introd. Gen. 
Geomet.) 

The subject of asymmetry is the only one point considered in this 
short paper. 

Want of symmetry appears to affect particular genera and even 
groups, the examples being found to be constant, not just chance abor- 
tions. In one place (Gen. Geomet., 1914, p. 12) Pierce says:— 
*‘ Asymmetry in species seems to denote transitional forms,’’ a remark 
that gives promise of a fruitful line of investigation. The proportion 
affected is certainly small, perhaps 2 to 3 per cent. at the most. 
Asymmetry cannot be correctly caiied an abnormal form—it is rather 
an irregularity, a form of variation or mutation since it occurs con- 
stantly in certain species. What, then, is the explanation of it and 
why does it occur? The suggestion made by Pierce is, as far as the 
writer knows, the only one given so far by any writer. In fact, the 
question does not seem to have been discussed. 

According, to Meyrick’s’ laws :— 

(1) No new organ can be produced except as a moditication of some 
previously existing structure. 


110 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/ X1/1944 


(2) A lost organ cannot be regained. 
(3) A rudimentary organ is rarely re-developed. 


How then are such irregular forms as these affected? Jf they are 
in a transitional stage they must either be the remains or relics of some 
lost organ, or the modification of an existing one, yet in neither case 
does the cause for such an irregularity seem to be explained. | 

They occur constantly in the particular case, in the same way as 
the normal and symmetrical form occurs. If one reverts to tlie time 
factor, there is at present no evidence to show, when and how they were 
modified. The above laws, then, do not explain their occurrence. 

Chitin,- of which these organs are made, is a hard substance that 
defeats almost every known method of section cutting. It is softened 
to some extent by long immersion in spirit soap but is not destroyed, 
even when of slight density, when soaked in caustic potasn for 24 hours. 
How, then, can these organs be affected by environmental conditions? 
As easily expect the shape of animals’ bones to be changed by the ele- 
ments as to conclude that these organs be affected by environment. 


Amongst our own Noctuae, Miselia oxyacanthue (Green Brindled 
Crescent) is certainly a most remarkable form (Fig. 1), ‘‘ difficult to 
understand,’’ Pierce remarks. Many of the Pterephoridae also show 
constant asymmetry—monodactyla (A common Plume) is a good example 
(Fig. IT). 

In the first case the left valve is long and narrow, without corona, 
the clasper angulated at the base; the right valve is similar, but above 
the sacculus it throws out a long curved arm. In the female the ductus- 
bursa is complicated. 

In menodactyla the right valve is pointed, the left rounded, the 
apex heavily spined. The right sacculus is atrophied. From the costa 
is a short spined arm, with a hooked point at the base. The left valve 
is double, the inner arm slender, the outer arm sigmoid. From the costa 
there extends a long spined arm, with a hooked point at the base. The 
anellus is also asymmetrical. The female organ has an unusual char- 
acter, the ostium leads directiy in to the bursa. These descriptions are 
given by Pierce. 

While studying recently some moths from S. America, a few were 
found to show remarkable asymmetrical forms, some of which are given 
here. [The correct naming of the insects has been verified by the autho- 
rities of the British Museum, to whom acknowledgment is gratefully 
made for help given. ] 

The figures have been made a uniform size, but vary somewhat in 
size according to the expanse of the insect. They were drawn from 
mounts made by the author with the aid of the camera lucida to about 
75 times natural size, then reduced in reproduction to less than half 
that size, i.e., to approximateiy x 30. Birch collected in N.E. Brazil, 
1907-12. Foster at Sapucay, Paraguay, 1902-04. 

Euglypia hieroglypiica, Cram. Fig. Ik. Exp. 20 mm.—Forewing 
dull yellow with a double row of small black spots on subterminal line, 
a thin curved bar on post-medial line, a black orbicular spot. Hind- 
wing a uniform dull brown to black. Left valve normal, right valve 
developed into a large angulated blunt point about middle. N.E. 
Brazil, F. Birch, 1908. 


VOL. LEVI. PLATE IV. 


Ent. Record and Journ. of Variation. 


Photo. E. P. Wiltshire. 


EARLY STAGES OF ORIENTAL PALAFARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. e415 


Agrotidae sp. Fig. TV. Exp. 20 mm.—-Forewing and hindwing a 
uniform warm brown; antennae clefted. Left valve divided into three 
distinct narrow arms, the outer arm heavily spined. Right valve broad, 
the two outer arms blunt, inner arm narrow, pointed. Sapucay, Para- 
guay W, Foster, 1902. 

Safia permizta, Schaus. Fig. V. Exp. 20 mm.—Forewing dark 
hrown, with silvery markings and dark cross stripes. Hindwing centre 
dark brown, termen to apex lighter in colour. Foreleg heavily scaled, 
having the appearance of a scent brush. Valves quite different in struc- 
ture. Left valve divided into a broad (inner) arm, heavily spined, outer 
arm narrower. Right valve also divided into two arms, inner with some 
semblance to left but smaller and not spined, outer developed into a 
double-headed longer arm. Uncus, strongly chitinized into a very large 
hatchet-shaped head. N.E. Brazil, F. Birch, 1909. 

Lole exhausta, Guen. Fig. VI. Exp. 24 mm.—Forewing greyish 
white, costa with three light brown patches at equal distance apart, 
between thorax and apex. Hindwing greyish white, medial line hght 
brown and some spots. Foreleg holds a very large brush of long setae, 
which dissection shows to he a scent brush. Left valva normal shape, 
the clasper is large. Right valve larger and longer, developed into a 
roundish apex; ampulla a large round spinose knob. Uncus very large, 
nandibulate. Sapucay, Paraguay, W. Foster, 1902. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 
Male Genitalia of: 
Fig. I.—Miselia oxyacanthae, Europe. 
Fig. 11.—Emmelina monodactyla, Europe. 
Fig. I11.—Euglyphia hieroglyphica, Cram., Brazil. 
Fig. IV.—Agrotidae sp., Paraguay. 
Fig. V.—Safia permixta, Schaus., Brazil. 
Fig. VI.—Lole exhausta, Guen., Paraguay. 


EARLY STAGES OF ORIENTAL PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 
Vil. 


By E. P. Wiutsaree, F.R.E.S. 
(Plate IV.) 


(The two preceding articles in this series were ‘‘ Early Stages, etc. V.’” 

and ‘f Some more new Lepidoptera from S.W. Iran, with their life 

histories,’? which was equivalent to the sixth; they appeared in Journ. 

Bombay N.H. Soc., Vols. xliii, xliv, April and December 1943, respec- 
tively.) 


RHOPALOCERA, LYCAENIDAE. 
Tarucus balcanicus, Freyer, ssp. areshanus, B,-Baker (Fig. G.). 
Larva:—Full-grown: 10 mm., wood-louse-lhke, bright green, just 
matching the underside of the fresh nebek leaf. A creamy white dorsal 
line begins on the posterior half of the enlarged, first somite; here it is 
broadest and has a red-brown centre; this reddish colour is only tu be 


112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 45/X1/1944 


seen on somites 1-3. The dorsal line is interrupted at each somite by a 
pale green wrinkle. Head, hidden under somite 1. Sublateral line, 
just above ‘‘ lappets,’’ wavy and faint whitish-green. Hairs downy, 
short, white. 

Pupation.: —On 16th October the larva ceased feeding, and was found 
on the lid of the tin, turning purple on somite 1. On the 19th it took 
up a new positicn in the bottom corner of the tin; it was now trans- 
parent, dusky grey-green, with pale lines still visible. Tt pupated on 
the evening of the 19th October. A male butterfly emerged from this 
pupa on 27th October. 


Pupa:—At first green, with purple-red dorsal line. On 20th October 
it had turned black and brown. 

Foodplant :—Zizyphus spina-christi (‘‘ nebek *’) at Basra. In the 
Kurdish mountains and in the Anti-Lebanon the butterfly is associated 
with Paliurus spina-christi, Zizyphus being absent. The larva eats 
‘¢ windows ”’ om the underside of the ‘‘ nebek ’’ leaf. The above larva 
was found surrounded by small ants on its foodplant; it was then full- 
grown but still feeding. The butterfly is continuously-brooded. 


HETEROCERA, AGROTIDAE, QUADRIFIDAE. 
Hypoglaucitis benenotata, Warr. (Figs. F., J.). 

This genus is placed just before Clytie, and the larva shows great 
likeness to Clytie larvae both in structure and foodplant (Tamarix). I 
have already published am account of the early stages of several kinds 
of Clytie, as follows :— 
sancta, Stgr., Ent. Rec., July-August 1935. 
syriaca, Bugn., delunaris, Stgr., and terrulenta, Christ., all in Mitt. 

Muench, Hnt. Ges., 1939, Heft 1. 
distincta, B.-H., ssp. iranica, Brandt, in “ Early Stages . , . V.” 
mentioned above. 

All these larvae differ from the Hypoglaucitis in one respect: bene- 
notata retains its green colouring even in the last instar, whereas they 
turn brown in the penultimate or an earlier. This change is accom- 
panied by a change in habit, the green forms resting among the green 
‘* needles,’ the brown forms resting on the twigs or branches or trunk. 

The larva of benenotata is a good example of a coloration-type illus- 
trated in my 1939 article mentioned above, and which is especially 
found in larvae attached to tamarisks and conifers. These larvae are 
taxonomically unrelated to each other, and the foodpiants are also 
taxonomically distant from one another; the only apparent common 
feature in the foodplants are their similar appearance, green needles 
replacing broad, flat leaves. This would seem to be a case of what has 
been called ‘“‘ visual adaptation,’’ in which neither chemistry nor here- 
dity play a perceptible part. 

Full-grown larva:—Green, leng, tapering. with first }air of claspers 
rudimentary (see plate), with white longitudinal markings not unlike 
those of the penultimate instar of delunaria. The differences are: 
(a) The white spiracular lines are uninterrupted; (b) the purer white 
subdorsal line is almost or quite uninterrupted; (c) there are no traces 
of a double white dorsal line at all; (d) somites 8-11 bear a slight 
ochreous-brown discoloration, which in some forms extends so as to 


EARLY STAGES OF ORIENTAL PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 13 


suffuse the whole dorsal area with gold-hrown, except at somital joints, 
which remain green; this ‘‘ brown form” (Fig, J.), however, is not 
brown elsewhere, being green laterally and ventrally; in it the fine 
lateral line has a clearer dark almost blackish wavy double edging and 
is only white near the head. In the more normal green form this fine 
lateral line is white throughout; there is also some very faint white 
longitudinal pencilling in the green ground colour laterally. Somite 
8 is slightly swollen dorsally. Spiracles yellow, black-rimmed, set on 
the tap edge of the spiracular line. In the green form there is a slight 
tendency to ochreous in the somital joints except on somites 8-11. Under- 
side countershaded, paler milky green. Head green, with white longi- 
tudinal continuations of the body lines. 


Foodplant :—Tamarisk (7. articulatus). 


Localities and date:—Zubeir and Basra, S. Iraq, 1943. Tmagines 
were bred or caught from early April to late June, and again in Novem- 
ber; one example was taken at Ahwaz, Khuzistan, S.W. Persia, on 
2nd October 1938. There seems little doubt that this moth 1s con- 
tinuously-brooded, possibly with a retardation in midsummer. It does 
not appear to penetrate Central and Northern Jraq and Iran. The 
same can be said of the foodplant recorded above, which is planted in 
oases widely over Arabia, 


Thermesia arefacta, Swinh. (Fig, H.). 


Ovum :—Bun-shaped, brown, with faint concentric circles of fine white 
dots, only visible under a lens; laid singly; period (in April at Basra), 
6-7 days. 

Larva:—When freshly hatched, thread-hke, active, dark-brown, in 
the second and third instars, dark brown with paler longitudinal stripes ; 
many have a well-marked double dusky ventral line. Fall-grown: 
tapering, slender, with only three pairs of claspers (see piate); sandy- 
ochreous, the somital joints infused with a warmer rust colour, Dorsal 
line double, pale. Longitudinal lines pale yellowish. Subdorsal is pale, 
single, fainter than the dorsal. A greyish mottled subdorsal area con- 
tains two dark grey wavy lines. There are many faint slightly wavy 
lateral lines, ochreous above but darker grey just above the spiracies. 
Spiracular stripe pale. Spiracles black-rimmed. Sublateral and ven- 
tral area counter-shaded, paler, with very faint fine wavy lines. Head 
ochreous grey, with paler lines and a darker inverted V-mark. Legs 
and claspers of ground colour, but claspers sometimes marked laterally 
with black. On posterior part of somite 4, two subdorsal stigmata, 
marked in black, sometimes conspicuous. 

Pupa:—Glossy, light red-brown, in slight cocoon among leaves or 
low herbage, 

Foodplant :—Prosopis stephaniana; in Basra the larvae also fed up 
readily on the imported ornamental tree Acacia farnestana but none of 
these pupated successfully. The pupal period observed at Bagdad in 
September was 9 days, and the moths emerged in the evening. The 
moth flies by day; also at dusk; is sometimes to be found at night 
settled on its foodplant. Appears to be an oasis moth, haunting irri- 
gated ground and rank riverside vegetation. . 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XT /1944 


GEOMETRIDAE. 
Boarmia tenwsaria, Stgr. (Fig. K.). 


Larva:—Grey or greenish grey, paler below; fairly stout; somites 
4, 8, 9, and 11 each have a pair of dorsal warts on the anterior half, 
the pair on 9 being smaller than the. others. Dorsal chain rather as 
in the genus Catocala, i.e., composed of two paler outer strands which 
unite or form islands in their course down the back. Subdorsal lines 
fine, double, grey, suffused with reddish-brown, the grey deepening to 
black in the vicinity of the paired warts. Spiracles small, grev, black- 
rimmed. Underside: ventral line, blackish between the claspers; on 
somites 4-8 a broad whitish grey-edged stripe, with outer edges more 
parallel than those of the dorsal chain, and marked with black stig- 
mata near the somital joints; this stripe contains a grey-edged ventral 
stripe which widens and narrows slightly in its course. Size, full- 
grown, 1 inch. The larva buries to pupate. 

Pupation takes place in early April in the Basra district, and the 
moth flies there throughout November. The male comes to light in the 
vicinity of the foodplant, Lycitum barbarum. Tt seems to be an oasis 
moth. The foodplant is leafless in summer and autumn and comes out 
in leaf about January-February. 


KEY TO PLATE. 

One plate illustrates the two articles, ‘‘ Middle East Lepidoptera: 
New forms and species, VT,’’ and ‘‘ Early stages of Oriental Palaearctic 
Lepidoptera, VIT.’’ 

N.B.—The enlargement of the insects is not uniform; the printed 
scale shown is metric, the figures representing centimetres. 


Figs. A.-E. illustrate ‘‘ Middle East Lepidoptera: New forms and 
species. VI.’’ 
Fig. A. Boarmia ghirshmani, sp. n. 
B. Boarmia tenwsaria, Stgr., 3. 
C. Boarmia tenuisaria, Stgr., 2, ne-allo-ryPr. 
D. Chondrostega subfasciata brunneicornis, subsp. n. 
E. Autophila cymaenotaenia ssp, orthotaenia, subsp. n, 
Figs. F.-K. illustrate ‘‘ Early stages of Oriental Palaearctic Lepidop- 
tera, VIT.’’ 
Fig. F. Green form, larva, Hypoglaucitis benenotata, Warr. 
G. Larva, Tarucus balkanicus ssp. areshanus, B.-Baker, 
H. Larvae, Thermesia arefacta, Swinh. 
J. Brown-marked form, larva, Hypoglaucitis benenotata, Warr. 
K. Larva, Boarmia tenuisaria, Stgr. 


= 


PSODOS CORACINA. 
DISCOVERY AND DESCRIPTION OF FULL-GROWN LARVA. 


On 29th April 1948, while searching for pupae or larvae of P. alpina 
about 2500 feet up on a mountain at Aviemore, my wife and-I turned 
up three geometrid larvae. From their similiarity to the larva of G. 
obscurata I suspected them to be those of P. coracina. T sent a rough 
description to Dr Cockayne, who confirmed my suspicion and told me 


PSODOS CORACINA. 115 


that the full-grown larva was not known, the only description published 
being taken from an immature alpine specimen in 1910, before its first 
hibernation. Accordingly, I immediately blew one of the two remain- 
ing larvae, as one had already gone down, and showed the other to Mr 
T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, who very kindly helped me with the following 
description :— 

Larva or Psopos cORACINA, ESPER. 

Length about 11-12 mm, (10 mm. in contracted, curled-up position), 
cylindrical, stout (2-5 mm. vertically): segments distinct, each sub- 
divided into two or three pale lilac-grey: head very dark ferruginous- 
brown, its top dull terruginous-brown on either side of mid-line, this 
colour extended over dorsal area of prothorax and mesothorax, and bor- 
dered by a dull grey-whitish subdorsal line which extends all along the 
body: on the abdominal segments this subdorsal line is bounded and 
more or less cut by a dark fuscous streak which runs diagonally down- 
wards and backwards and forms (when seen from above) a pair of dark 
backwards-directed V-shaped markings, preceded by pale violet-grey 
ground-colour and enclosing a darker dorsal patch; each of these dia- 
gonal markings commences behind the fore-border of the segment and 
is continued on to the succeeding segment; on the fifth and succeeding 
abdominal segments the diagonal markings are less evident and form a 
chain-pattern dorsal marking: about mid-way up each segment (seen 
laterally) is an upright-elongate dull-orange marking on the extreme 
fore-margin of each segment: the subdorsal oblique dark markings are 
more or less repeated just below the spiracles, forming an interrupted 
waved dark line, immediately below which there is a well-developed 
flange of the skin accentuated by its whitish colour: ventral area (1.e., 
all below the flange) dull greyish with a slight ferruginous tinge, the 
anterior edges of the segments marked darker. In general shape and 
appearance this larva is much like that of Psodus bentelit as figured by 
Dr E. Wehrli and H. Inhoff in Mitteilungen der Schweiz. Hnt. Ges., 
vol. xiii, heft 5, tab. 10, figs. 1, 2. 


This larva I blew later as it seemed on the point of death, and I 
was disappointed when the first only produced a parasite. The 
larvae were discovered among Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), ow 
which they subsequently fed, or on the ground under it, though they 
may have been dislodged from the food-plant above. They were very 
sluggish and, in fact, we were beginning to wonder whether they were 
alive when suddenly one began looping up my wite’s hand. In April 
1944 we found three more larvae, which was odd, as the moth is sup- 
posed to be of rare occurrence in the even years. Two of these pro- 
duced 2 imagines on Ist and 2nd June and the third one died.— 
Austin RicHarpson, Beaudesert Park, Minchinhampton, Glos. 


NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF PSODOS CORACINA, ESP. 
By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. 


In spite of the abundance of the moth little is known about its early 
stages, and I do not think it has ever been bred from the egg. Barrett 
says that larvae have been found pupating, presumably in early June, 


4116 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/X1/1944 


by collectors searching fer pupae of Amathes alpicola, but I have been 
unable to find a description of their appearance. So far as I know the 
first discovery of wild larvae still feeding was made by Mr Austin 
Richardson, who found four at Aviemore on 29th April 1943 lying 
motionless on the surface of the peat under lichen, above which crow- 
berry was growing. They were almost full-grown and pupated within 
a week. He found another full-fed larva at about the same date in 1944. 
As long ago as 1906 I said that crowberry seemed to be the most likely 
food-plant, because so many moths, especially females, could be disturbed 
from tufts of this plant (Hntomol., 1906, 39, 53). 


In 1944 Mr R. C. R. Crewdson kindly sent me a large number of eggs 
from Rannoch and these began to hatch on 19th July. The newly 
hatched Jarvae were cylindrical and blackish in colour with very short 
setae arising from minute black tubercles. They started to feed at once 
on crowberry and also ate knotgrass sparingly, but refused it altogether 
in their third instar. When ready for their first ecdysis they were 
smoky blackish-brown and semitransparent. In the second instar the 
whole larva is still blackish-brown, including the head, and the setae 
are even shorter in proportion to its bulk. When ready for the second 
ecdysis it is sausage shaped, dull reddish-brown, and semitransparent. 
At this stage, having only two plants of crowberry, I chose sixteen of the 
largest larvae and put them into the hot cupboard, placing the rest on 
a growing plant in the garden. In the third instar traces of the adult 
pattern appear, and they resemble in colour the figure of Psodos nori- 
cana, given by May and Fleischmann (Jahresbericht Wien Ent. Verein, 
1899, 10, Taf. 1), but the markings are less distinct. In the fourth in- 
star these become much more distinct and the head is blackish-brown, 
but not so dark as in the earlier stages. Indeed, but for the colour of 
the head, it is very like a miniature adult larva. 


Early in September the largest larva changed skin for the fourth 
and last time and was soon followed by fourteen others, but the sixteenth 
was about an instar behind. On 15th September the large larvae were 
11 to 12 mm. long, and the smallest one, which was changing skin, was 
9.5 mm. long. During the rest of September they still fed freely, but, 
when they were about 15 mm. long and appeared to be nearly full-grown, 
they fed less and less and only traces of fresh food were found in those 
I blew. On 22nd November there were very few young shoots left and 
I had to put the remaining larvae onto a growing plant in the garden. 

All through their lives the larvae were very sluggish, and at no time 
made use of silk threads. In the last instar most of them lay on the 
bottom of the tin all day and even at night I seldom saw them feeding 
or moving spontaneously, but if a larva was exposed to the light it soon 
became restless and slowly moved about until it found shelter. They 
much preferred the young leaves of the crowberry to the older ones, 
cutting off as many as they ate and wasting them. On one occasion I 
gave them a piece of heather and a sprig of bilberry, but they left both 
untasted. : 

The following is a description of the larvae in their fifth instar. Head 
rounded, varying in colour from a bright pale red-brown to a darker 
shade of the same colour with an indistinct paler line running vertically 
down each epicranial plate, surface matt. There are various forms, but 
the pattern is very similar in all. There is a thin dark dorsal line 


NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF PSODOS CORACINA, ESP. ven? 


broken at each intersegmental junction and bordered with white; ex- 
ternal to this there is a broad longitudinal band on the thoracic somites, 
and a series of chevrons with the apices pointing forwards on the first 
five abdominal somites, each chevron formed by the dorsal line and an 
oval mark on each side of it, continued as a triangular mark running 
obliquely backwards and outwards to a point just above the spiracle of 
the following somite. On the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th abdominal somites 
there is a continuous longitudinal band becoming wider at the middle of 
each somite and narrower at each intersegmental junction, the band 
itself becoming narrower on each successive somite. It is dark and well 
defined externally but becomes paler internally and fuses with dorsal 
line; on the 9th abnominal it becomes very narrow and then rapidly 
widens into a triangle with its base towards the anal end of the larva, 
the dark mark on the 10th being almost hidden by the overlapping pro- 
minence formed by the preceding somite. The whole of this dark area 
has a clear white line external to its border. There is a broad supra- 
spiracular band on the thoracic and abdominal somites, but on the last 
two it is broader anteriorly than posteriorly; its upper and inner edge 
touches the backward pointing tips of the chevrons; below it there is a 
broken white line which is obscured on the thorax by dark shading. Be- 
low this there is a broad spiracular band on the thorax, but on each ab- 
dominal somite this is broken into two parts, one in front of the spiracle - 
and the other behind it; the former has dark edges filled in more or less 
completely with dark speckles, but the latter is completely dark and 
runs obliquely downwards and backwards to end below the very small 
black spiracle. The two parts are separated by an oblique white line, 
in which the spiracle lies, and each part touches the supraspiracular 
band at one point. On the three last abdominal somites the band is 
continuous though darker behind the spiracle. Below the spiracular 
band there is a clear white stripe, and below this the remainder of the 
lateral and the whole of the ventral surface is dark coloured, but by 
their still darker colour a broad subspiracular band, two narrower sub- 
ventral stripes and a median ventral stripe can be distinguished, while 
in the palest there is a whitish line between the subspiracular and the 
rest of the ventral surface. The larva in its last instar is short and 
stout, broadest at the 5th abdominal and tapering gradually towards the 
anterior and more quickly towards the anal end. It is much wrinkled 
owing to the deep infolding of the skin at the subsegmental and inter- 
segmental divisions. 


The following three colour forms occurred amongst my sixteen larvae, 
but there were various gradations between them. 


(1) Head, prothoracic plate, and all the markings on the dorsal 
surface except the tips and outer edge of the chevrons, which are nearly 
black, pale bright reddish brown; the supraspiracular band dark red- 
dish-brown on the thorax and light red on the abdominal somites, be- 
coming very pale on the anal plate; the spiracular band edged above 
with dark purple above and below with the anterior part in front of the 
spiracle a mixture of red-brown and purple and the posterior part dark ; ; 
the ventral area and the prolegs darker red-brown. 


(2) Head medium reddish-brown, prothoracic plate dark red-brown 
with a purplish tinge, and all the dorsal markings deep purple; the 
supraspiracular band purple on the thorax and a mixture of purple and 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/X1/1944 


red-brown on the abdominal somites; the spiracular band light purple 
on the anterior and dark purple on the posterior part of each somite; 
the ventral surface and prolegs very dark purple; in some cases the an- 
terior pair of prolegs are reddish-brown with a purple tinge. 


(3) Head medium red-brown; prothoracic plate and thoracic mark- 
ings red-brown with darker brown dorsal line and outer border to the 
subdorsal band; on the abdomen the dorsal line is broken, being absent 
on two subsegments of each somite; chevrons dark purple at the edge 
but only speckled with purple on a white ground elsewhere; on the Sth 
to 9th abdominals the markings are red-brown with purple and white 
speckling and a purple outer edge; the supraspiracular band is heavily 
speckled with purple on the thorax; on the abdomen it is edged above 
and below with purple and lightly speckled with purple except that 
opposite the point, where the chevrons impinge on it, it is completely 
filled in with light red; the anterior prolegs are light red-brown and the 
anal prolegs deep purple; the subspiracular and ventral surface purple, 
but not so dark as in the second form. 

The anal plate is broad, truncated, and slightly concave; there are 
two trianglar dark marks on it, the apex of the anterior one pointing 
towards the anal end and that of the posterior one pointing in the 
opposite direction, the apices united by a slight darkening of the whitish 
ground colour. The triangles are bordered by a whitish line and out- 
side this there is an indistinct curved dark line, a continuation of the 
subdorsal band. Microscopically the head is seen to be rough with 
numerous irregular ridges and its setae are pale in colour and of medium 
length; the skin of the body is covered with small polished circular 
plaques; the tubercles are extremely small and black with almost im- 
perceptible setae; the spiracles are round, small, and black. 


In general appearance the larva is very like the coloured plate of 
Psodos bentelii, Ratzer, f. zermattensis, Wehrli, and P. trepidaria, Hb. 
f. gracilis, Wehrli, published by Wehrli and Imhoff (Mitt. d. Schweiz. 
Ent. Ges., 1921, 13, Taf. 10, figs. 2 and 3) and reminds one of a young 
larva of Gnophos obscurata. 

The moth is very common in the odd years and scarce in the even 
ones, which suggests that it has a two year life cycle. In 1942, Mr R. C. 
R. Crewdson tried to breed it from the egg. He kept his larvae in a tin 
in a room without a fire until the late autumn and then put them out 
on to a window sill until the cage was blown over. After that he kept 
them in a warm room all the winter. He found they would eat heather, 
bilberry, crowberry, and Alchemilla, and they fed steadily though spar- 
ingly through the winter months, but early in the year they died one by 
one until a single sickly one was left. I received this one on 6th March, 
but it had died on the way. It was very small and appeared to be in its 
third instar, and would probably not have been so big if it had lived 
during the winter on the top of a mountain instead of in a warm room. 
Mr Crewdson tried to breed it from the egg again and succeeded in 
keeping eight larvae alive through the winter of 1943. They were kept 
in a cage out-of-doors shaded from direct sunlight for part of the time 
and just inside an open window for the rest of the time, and were fed 
on sprigs of crowberry placed in water. They appeared to be healthy 
and were feeding on 9th May, but were only about 9 mm. long, 
and five of them were still alive on 28rd August. In his letter 


COLLECTING NOTES. 119 


he said that they were almost certainly going to pass a second 
winter in the larval state. Like the others they were probably more for- 
ward than they would have been if they had been living under natural 
conditions at an elevation of more than 2000 feet. Their size contrasts 
with those found wild by Mr Richardson in 1943 and again in 1944, 
which were almost full grown at the end of April. 

I think that under natural conditions the larva passes through one 
winter when very small, probably in its second or third instar and passes. 
a second winter in its last instar, when nearly full grown, without a true 
diapause at any period of its life. The mountain tops are very cold, 
especially at night, and are often covered with snow until the middle or 
end of April, so that it is unlikely the larva would begin to feed until the 
latter half of the month. Unfortunately I can throw no light on this, 
because neither my small nor my large larvae survived the winter out- 
of-doors. [ do not think the fact, that all the Psodos larvae kept in con- 
finement by May and Fleischmann, Wehrli and Imhoff, and myself 
reached their last instar in November of the first year, is against this 
supposition. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


THE RISE OF PHALERA BUCEPHALA ON RHuM.—Although P. bucephala 
was regarded as not uncommon on the Isles of South Rona and Raasay, 
until last year (1943) it had never turned up on Rhun, in spite of the 
fact that we had beaten practically every isolated patch of trees in the 
island. However, in August last, the larvae abounded on oak in the 
gorge of the Allt na h-Uamha, and on Sulizx atrocinerea in an old stream 
bed on the adjoining moorlands. This vear it has occurred everywhere 
to the north-west of this, on hazel in Kinloch Glen, on Salix viminalis 
on the north shore of Loch Scresort and on birch, alder and S. atro- 
cinerea on the south side of the same sea loch. The broods seem of very 
different ages for many have just been hatched, whilst others are in their 
last instars.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, Isle of Rhum, Inverness-shire. 


PonTIA DAPLIDICE, L., Near Ruis~ie, Mippiesex.—On Thursday, the 
15th of June, in a field near the River Pinn at Eastcote, near Ruislip, 
Middlesex, I caught a ‘‘ Bath White Butterfly ’’ (Pontie (Pieris) dapli- 
dice), 3, in perfect condition. I took it up to Mr Ford, at. 36 Strand, 
and he advised me to write to you. I should be pleased to know if there 
have been any other specimens caught this year.—Atan J. Hanks. 


SALIX CAPREA, L., as 4 FoopPLANT or PHEOSIA TREMULA, CLERCK.— 
Salix caprea, L., is given in some of the textbooks as a foodplant of 
this species, but I have never found the larva thereon in any part of the 
country which I have ‘‘ worked ’’ entomologically. This year I have 
taken, on various dates, five eggs of the species from aspen and poplar 
and have put the emergent larvae on Salix caprea. Great care was 
taken to ensure success, but in each case the larva refused to eat the 
protfered food. The only species of Salix on which I have ever found 
these larvae is alba, L. In the Hebrides Dr G. Heslop Harrison found it 
on ‘“‘ willow’? (Hnt. Rec., xlix, 30). Have any readers of this Journal 
ever found it in the wild feeding on Salix caprea, or indeed on any 
species of Salix other than alba, L.?—P. B. M. Anan. 


120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/XI/1944 


CURRENT NOTES. 


In recent numbers of the Entomological News (Philadelphia) R. Whit- 
taker and D. B. Stallings have been discussing Seasonal Variation in 
Lepidoptera, dealing with Pierid species of the genus Eurema. They 
have described three new forms, two summer and one winter form and 
pointed out the seasonal forms in each of the species in the genus. In 
some species the typical form is the summer form. The following is a 
List of these forms:—(1) H. datra, Gdt. f. aest. jucunda, B. & L.; (2) 
i, palmyra, Poey.; (3) H. lydia, Fidr.; (4) E. f. hiem. ewgenia, Wallgrn. ; 
(5) E. nictppe, Cram, f. aest. pallens, W. & S. (nov.); (6) E. boisduval- 
liana, Fldr. f. aest. ingrata, Fldr.; (7) H. mexicana, Bdv. f. hiem. rosa, 
W. & S. (nov.); (8) FE. preterpia, Fb. f. hiem. gundlacia, Poey.; (9) E. 
lisa, B. & L. f. aest. immaculutu, W. & S. nov. The Pierid Nathalis 
tole, typical is the summer form; there is added f. hhiem. viridis, 
W. & S. (mov.). In some species no seasonal variation had occurred so 
far. The authors have taken the opportunity to describe Precis coenia, 
Hb. f. hiem. rosa, W. & S. (nov.), a Nymphalid winter form. 


In the Canadian Entomologist for May J. McDunnough has described 
three species of the genus Coleophora all feeding on Aster tradescanthi 
mainly, and a doubtful © which may represent a stili further species. 
The three new species were bred from three types of cases and subse- 
quently found to possess different genitalic features (minute), which are 
shown on a plate. All were found in the Ottawa district of Canada. It is 
a great pity that the cases, the outward visible signs of distinction, are 
not given on a plate with enlarged figures of the imagines in the in- 
terest of the ordinary entomological collectors and observers, who are 
not expert professional microscopists. 

Tue first of the Aster-feeding group of Coleophora species was Ge- 
scribed in 1942 by Braun; C. granifera, Brn. The three new species are 
C. asterosella (nov.), C. asterophagella, nov., and C. vancouverensis, 
nov., with a doubtful 2 tentatively named C. lawrentella, nov.? 
McDunnough also reperts the capture of both sexes of C. quadruplex, 
McD., of which previous only the ¢ had been taken around Achillea 
millefoltum at Parrsboro, N. Scotia. 


THe Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1942 has just 
come to hand. As usual, besides the Summary of the activities con- 
nected with the Museums there are a number of the outstanding articles 
on the main topics in most branches of the Sciences. There is very litle 
Natural History, and of Entomology there is only one article and that 
on ‘‘ The Insect Enemies of Cereal Crops.’’ Perhaps the article of most 
general interest is ‘‘The Industrial Development of Synthetic Vitamins,”’ 
which no doubt will dispel the erroneous view which some of us had that 
the so-called ‘‘ vittamins ’’ (sic) were only terms in a stunt for propa- 
ganda purposes. 

Ons of our colleagues has called attention to what he calls ‘‘ a modern 
and stupid craze’’ for referring to numbers of volumes in Arabic (in- 
stead of Roman) and he has given one more example of such. A corre- 
spondent had the volume reference originally in Arabic (as 11), misread 
it as II (Roman) and copied it as 2 (Arabic). Had he written it origin- 
ally as XI no such error would have been possible. The old roman plan 
seems the better and only occasionally clumsy (LX XXVIII). 


‘ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (165) 


The Names and Forms to be considered : 
tincta, Brahm (1791), Kalend., Il, 394. 
trimaculosa, Esp. (1789+1°), Abbild. Noct., IV (2), 400, Syn. 
hepatica, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., 77, Syn. (Text, 190, hepatica, 
corrected to tincta). 
argentina, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 186, Syn. 
ab. suffusa, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 69. 
ab. obscurata, Stdgr. (1897), Iris, X, 335. 
Tutt dealt with: (1) the typical form and (2) ab. suffusa. 


trimaculosa, Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV (2), 400 (1789+). 
Fic.—l.c., 1381, 5 (1787?). Not good, but roughly recognizable. Syn. 


hepatica, Hb., Samml. Noct., 77 (1800-3); Text, Hb.-Gey., p. 19) 
(1834) [A Syn. ] 

Fie.—l.c., 77. : 

Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ Pale greenish-grey; the head dull coloured; the 
neck blackish marked; the thorax dark, light edged and black marked ; 
dusky leather-brown band in which the usual stigmata lie, and with 
pale waved lines of which only the outer is distinctly developed, the 
underside marking is suppressed; the hindwing is banded with ashy- 
grey shading; the abdomen similarly gray.’’ tincta, Brahm, trimacu- 
alsa, Esp., occulta, Fb., hepatica. 


argentina, Haw., Lep. Brit., 186 (1809). A Syn. 

Oric. Descrie.— Alis cinereo-argenteis nebulosis, strigis variis un- 
dulatis,’ ‘‘ Statura penultimae (grandis) cui simillima, at satis differt 
primo intuitu, nam pulchricr est, et longe magis nitens atque argen- 
tata.’’ He saw only five examples, N. hepatica, Hb. 77 (nec hepatica, 
L.). See Text of Hb.-Gey., p. 190 = tincta, Brahm (1834). 


race obscurata, Stdegr., Iris, X, 335 (1897). 

Ortc. Drscrip.—‘‘ Two females from Apfelgeburges are smaller and 
darker than European specimens; their forewings are far more uniform 
in colour, without the light blue-g1ey of typical tincta; the marking are 
partly obsolescent.”’ 

Hampson, Cat. Lep. Ph., V, 112 (1905). ‘‘ Smaller and darker.’’ 
Amurland. 


Aplecta, Gn. (1841-1852), Dup., Tutt, Sth., Warr., Drdt. [ Pola, 
Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), H.-S., Hamp., Drdt.; Melanchra, Hb. (1820), 
Meyr., Meyr.: Mamestra, Hb. (1821), Stdgr., Splr., Sth., Culot, Drdt.] 
advena, Fb. (1787). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 70 (1892): Meyr, Handb., 85 (1895): Barr., 
Lep: Br.-Is., TV, 154, plt. 1 (1897): Stdgr., ‘Caé., IH]ed., 155.(1901): 
Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 110 (1905): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 168, plt. 136, 
10 (1905): South, M.BJ., I, 237, plt. 117, 6 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. 
Noct., I1I, 78, plt. 19a, b (1909): Culot, N. ef G., I G), 98, plt. 16, 13 
(1911): Drdt., Am. Noct., VII, 96, plt. 141, h (1924): Meyr., Revis. H. 
156 (1928): Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., JIT, 108, 19a (1934). . 


2 


(166) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1944 


Schiff., Verz., 77, L. 11 (1775), gave searcely an medication of this 
species and no description. Illig., New ausgabe Verz., I, 234 (1801), 
quoted the poor description of Fb., Ent. Sys., III (2), 125, and dis- 
cussed the previous references to what had been considered to be of this. 
species, Clerck, Linn., Esper, and Bork. 

Esper, Abbild. Noct., IV, 694, plt. 178, 4-5 (1789+ ?), figured and 
described under the name advena quite unrecognizable as such, and 
which Werneberg said was the bombycina, Hufn. (advena, Tr.). See 
Beitr., 1, 252 (1864). 

Bork., Naturg. Noct., IV, 615 (1792), said he had neither seen this 
species nor an illustration of it, but relied on the Fab. description, etc. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., IV, 81 (1800-3), gave apparently a well executed 
figure, but no one who wished to identify a British example would con- 
sider them the same species. In his text, p. 190, he described it ‘‘ Clear 
grey ; the thorax pale and black marked; the forewings sprinkled brown- 
ish-red in their middle, with whitish dark grey centred reniform and 
orbicular and pale waved line, beyond which at the outer part is grey 
with black chevrons; the hindwings are pale brownish-grey ; the body is. 
also grey.’’ 

Haw., Lep. Brit., 188 (1809), described this species under the name 
of nitens. He said ‘‘ this comes extremely near to N. hepatica of Hb.’” 
(above described by the name of argentina). But the hepatica of Linn- 
seems to be entirely distinct. 

Treit., Schm., V (2), 39 (1826), gave no synonyms, but discussed the 
various errors in recognition made by previous authors, in their deal- 
ing with members of this group, several of which were very rare. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 392, vlt. 96, 4 (1826), gave an unusually well 
niarked figure of this species, in fact much of the marking is obsolescent 
as it should be but the basic brown-grey is) the dominant indication, 
which denotes advena rather than tincta, which the marking would 
suggest. ’ 

Frr., Beitr., I, 86, plt. 28 (1828), gave a quite unrecognizable figure 
as this species which apparently was unknown to him and his friends. 

Wood, Ind. Entomologica, 58, plt. 13, f. 295 (1834), gave a good 
figure of the British form, uniformly rusty-brown with sparse marking- 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., Il, 264 (1850), said that the figure Hb. 81 seldom 
so sharply marked, and that the rust-red suffusion mostly extended far- 
ther forward. His description is ‘‘ Violet-grey with considerable rust- 
red suffusion, especially in the discal area, the darkest brown is in cell 
lb near the base of the waved line.’’ This does not include the many 
variegated markings shown in the figures mentioned and shown im 
figures hy some authors. 

Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 81 (1852), referred to Schiff., Verz., to Bork., 
and to Fab. with a query. He gave nitens, Haw., as a synonym. 

Barrett, l.c., plt. 154, gave two figures, both with somewhat em- 
phasized marking, and without the glossy appearance which the more 
unicolorous surface gives. 

Stder., Cat., IIlTed., 185 (1901), included the forms wnicolor, Tutt, 
mongolica, Stdgr., and purpurissata, Grote (pallidior, al. ant. minus 
brunnescenti-tinctis). ; 

Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 110 (1905), gave wnicolor, Tutt, as the only 
ab. and treated nitens, Haw., as a syn. On the same page he treated 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (167) 


mongolica as a species described by Stdgr. (1896) with adjuncta also 
described by Stdgr. (1888) as a syn. (sic!), but got confused somehow 
and placed mongolica as Ab. 1 (Gn.) to his description of adjuncta. 

Stdgr. in his description of mongolicu in 1896 said it ‘‘ stood be- 
tween advena and its var. adjuncta from the Amur,’’ and later referred 
to v. mongolica. 

South, MW.B.I., I, 237, plt. 117, 6 (1907), gave a very good figure of 
‘‘the pale shining brown.”’ 

Splr., Schm. Eur., 1, 168, plt. 136, 10 (1905), gave so well marked 
and variegated a figure that those who knew only our British race would 
fail to recognize it as advena. He gave the forms wnicolor, nitens, mon- 
golica and purpurissata, and added the name flavescens for a brown- 
yellow form. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 78, plt. 19a, b (1909), gave nine good 
figures of advena ¢ and Q, nitens ¢ and @, unicolor 3, mongolica 3 
and 9, adjuncta S and @Q (19b), and included in addition flavescens, 
Splr., but treated adjuncta, Stdgr., as a species ‘‘ larger and broader 
winged than mongolica, Stdgr.’? Warr. put Schiff. as the prior for 
advena, and treated advena, Leech, as a syn. of adjuncta, Stdgr., which 
he treated as a good species. 

Culot, N. et G., I (1), 98, plt. 16, f. 13 (1911), gave a very uniformly 
dark figure with the rusty-brown clouds almost obscured by the dark 
ground colour, but with very sparse marking by no means clear or dis- 
tinct. He did not describe it. 

Drdt.-Stz., Am. Noct., VII, 96, plt. 141, h (1924), dealt with pur- 
purissata, Grote (plt. 141), as a true species and included the forms 
juncimacula, Smith (plt. 141), erydina, Dyar, and apurpura, B. & McD. 
(plt. 14h). The figures show that the species certainly belongs to this 
group of Polia. 

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., Il1, 108, plt. 19a (1934), described a 
new form from Zermatt, scotaea, Pnglr., i.1., a decided grey-black. 
(The figure he quoted is not on plt. 19.) 


. 


Barrett noted of the Variation : 

‘“ An extremely constant species in colour and (absence of) mark- 
ings.”’ 

This is a very curious statement as there certainly is not an ‘‘absence 
of’? marking in specimens I have seen (Hy. J. T.). 


The Names and Forms to be considered : 

advena, Fb. (1787), Mantissa, II, 183. 

mitens, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 188. 

r. sylvatica, Bellier (1861), Ann. Soc. Ent Fr., 29, plt. 2, 11. 

purpurissata, Grote (1864), Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., III, 82, plt. 1, 5. 
[Amer. species ? teste Hamp., V, 70.] 

f. adjuncta, Stder. (1888), Stett. e. Zeitg., XL, 249. [ = ?mongolica, 
Stdgr., teste Hamp. | | 

ab. unicolor, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 70. 

ssp. ai Stdgr. (1896), Iris, IX, 253. [A species ? teste Hamp., 
yi ELOR 

ab. flavescens, Splr. (1905), Schm. Eur., I, 168. 

ab. scotaea, Drdt. (1934), Pal. Noct. Supp., IIT, 108. 


(168) ENTOMOLOGIST S$ RECORD. 15/X1/ 1944 


Tutt dealt with: (1) advena, Fab., reddish-grey along the costa ; 
pale towards outer margin; (2) nitens, Haw., tinged with glaucous, and 
(3) untcolor dark reddish-grey. i 


race sylvatica, Bell., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1861), 29. 

Fie.—plt. 2, f. 11. 

Oric. Descrip.—‘ Griseo fusca; alis anticis lineis duabus nigris 
maculisque ochraceo-albidis ; posticis puncto centrali et linea obscuriore; 
fronte villosa; abdomine crenato. Omnibus alis puncto centrali et lineis 
brunneis subtus late signata.’’—Habitat, julii, in Corsicae sylvis. 

‘* Ailes d’un brun grisatres et traversées par deux lignes noires bien 
écrites, entres lesquelles les taches ordinaires, plus claires que le fond et® 
un peu ochracées, se detachent nettement: la subterminale est peu 
dentée, d’un gris blanchatre et bordée intérieurement par de petits traits 
noirs cunéiformes. a base de Vaile et le bord interne sont marqués 
d@une grande tache blanchatre, beaucoup plus apparente que toutes 
les autres. On voit aux ailes inférieures un point central et une bande 
brune qui les traverse en entier. Le dessous est d’un gris clair brillant, 
le point central y est plus visible qu’en dessus, et les quatres ailes sont 
traversée par une ligne brune, épaisse, qui est simple aux superieures, 
mais denticulée aux inférieures. Jambes assez velues et pattes annelées 
de brun et de blanc.”’ 


race mongolica, Stdgr., Iris, IX, 253. 

Ornic. Descrie.—‘‘Three specimens brought from Kuren, which Haber- 
hauer took in numbers at Urga in 1895 and which J will here designate 
as mongolica. The specimens vary much from one another stand be- 
tween advena and its var. adjuncta from the Amur area, they are nearer 
to the latter form, single examples from Urga with forewings prepon- 
deratingly brown are not to be separated from undoubted adjuncta. 
A few mongolica, as one male from Kuren, have lighter grey forewings 
than German advena; but they give one a distinct impression, for they 
either show no brownish colour, as the male from Kuren, or on the 
other hand this colour is far more restricted and appears somewhat 
different. Most mongolica have far darker (dark grey, slightly brown 
tinged) forewings such as occur in advena; the darker specimens of 
var. adjuncta are easily to be distinguished, in that they are almost 
only or at least prevailingly brown suffused. A further distinction of 
v. mongolica is this, that the wings on the underside are darker without 
brownish suffusion, the underside of the forewing is dark blue-grey. 
The advena of Kentei come somewhat near mongolica, but they are on 
the average browner coloured.’’ 


ab. flavescens, Splr., Schmet. EHwr., I, 168 (1905). 
Orie. Derscrip.—‘‘ With pale brown-yellow forewings.’’ From 
Bukowina. | 


ab. scotaea, (Pnglr.), Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 108 (1934). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Is a very remarkable, large dusky aberration 
which is quite grey black; in consequence of the dense dark suffusion 
the markings are scarcely discernible.’’ Zermatt. 


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In the following notes no mention is made of weather, since climatic 
conditions in the Welsh hills are usually very different from those in 
England. Rain and storm often prevailed when the wireless announced 
fine hot weather ‘‘ in the Straits of Dover.’’ Summer was very brief: 
it occurred on Saturday, 17th June. All species mentioned as emerging 
in my cages were from larvae collected (or eggs laid) here in 1948. 

Trunk and fence searching was carried on throughout the first three 
months, but it was not until March 13th that the first moth, a female 
D. fagella, was found. On the 25th the sun shone; B. parthenias was 
seen and hibernated V. 10 and V. urticae. The following day three P. 
c-album were noted and on the 28th VO. incerta. Sugar on 3rd and 4th 
April attracted only C. ligula and C. vaccinu. The first E. cardamines 
was seen on 26th April; on the 27th A. euphrosyne and several more 
cardamines, with two L. chlorosata; and on the 28th S. malvae. A full- 
grown larva of H. fasciaria and a dozen of Thera firmata were collected 
from spruce. On the last day of the month I netted, to my astonish- 
ment, a worn specimen of Hemaris tityus, and at larches on a hilltop 
a worn L. argiolus—the second I have seen in this county. 

_ May began with a P. meticulosa found asleep, and on the 3rd Epir- 
rhoé tristata and EH. tages occurred. LL. suffumata began to emerge in 
my cages. The first C. pamphilus was noticed on the 7th, and on the 
8th P. macularia, E. lariceata and E. alternata, on which day also a 
female N. anceps (trepida) emerged from a pupa dug last year. She was 
used for assembling and later enabled me to distribute some 300 eggs 
among friends and correspondents. On the 9th P. megera was seen. 
A C. mendica female, who also laid eggs, was caught on the 11th, with 
a female HE. bistortata (very scarce this year), who followed suit. B. 
prasinana and E. hastata (unusually common) were netted on the 12th. 
Next day 7. duplaris and S. lunaria were noted. Larva beating in the 
middle of the month produced O. dilutata, A. pyramidea, P. popult, 
_T. quercus, and showers of O. miniosa—abundant since (?) this was a 
remarkable year for galls, the oak catkins being festooned with Spathe- 
gaster baccaruwm, a food beloved of the Blossom Underwing. I took a 
web containing forty 2nd instar larvae and obtained only eight pupae, 
thirty-two larvae having been smitten by an Apanteles sp. 

From elm, in May, larvae of C. gilvago and A. circellaris were col- 
lected; from oak B. prasinana, T. crataegi and C. elinguaria. On the 
19th P. icarus and E. silaceata were netted, as well as a female X. fer- 
rugata who laid eggs. On the 24th I saw, at some distance, a black B. 
betularia sitting sideways on the smooth silver trunk of a Castanea sativa, 
and on approaching to investigate its unusual attitude I found, when 
within a yard of it, that it was paired with a female of the type who 
was quite invisible against the grey background.  JDoubtless stamina 
avails more than procrypsis and this is a risk that must be run. It is 
the first time I have seen the black form in Montgomeryshire, numbers 
bred from captured females during the last four years having all been 
of the type. On the 24th also four or five C. rubi appeared close to the 
house, and the first A. selene and EH. aurinia were noticed, also C. punc- 
‘taria. On the 27th D. trimacula began to emerge in the cages and a 


12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/XIT/1944 


female was used to assemble and furnish eggs. During the last few days 
of the month I caught or noted 7. variata, M. albicillata, O. designata, 
P. dolabraria, and D. pudibunda. 

At the beginning of June S. ocellatus and P. palpina emerged in the 
cages. Sugar on the 2nd produced only two specimens, P. nebulosa and 
M. trigrammica. Next day I heat Allophyes oxyacanthae, silver-grey 
and full grown, from crab-apple and cherry, and saw several D. falcataria 
on the wing. On the 5th I searched birches and found A. flavicornis in 
unusual profusion—about twenty on one bush—from 2nd instar to full 
grown. JD. porcellus flew nightly at rhododendrons, but sugar yielded 
only A. rwrea, A. exclamationis, one H. nana, and a dishevelled R. um- 
bratica (tenebrosa). On the 9th and 10th I collected larvae of P. ridens, 
S. revayana, and D. ruficorns. On the 12th H. tityws was seen and on 
the 17th a batch of Arctiid eggs was found on hawthorn. These resolved 
themselves later into S. lutea, the Buff Ermine, a moth which I have 
not previously noticed in this part of the world. M. jurtina did not 
appear until the 17th, on which date males of C. margaritata flew com- 
monly at dusk and E. fasciaria emerged in the cages. On the 19th a 
number of H. haworthiata, from larvae collected from a clematis bush in 
the garden last year, began to emerge, with a solitary A. leporina; and 
on the 20th I netted to identify, and released, a male A. aglaia. Dusk- 
ing on the 25th brought various common Geometers, among them C. ful- 
vata and EH. pulchellata. Sugar attracted nothing at all. I finished 
the month by collecting pods of Red Lychnis containing Dianthoecia 
larvae. 

At dusk in the garden, Ist to 5th July, I netted LD. pyraliata, P. 
chrysitis, L. pallens, C.margaritata (female), E. haworthiata, Z. tarsi- 
pennalis, O. sambucaria, C. repandata, and G. pumilata. On the 6th 
I collected from birch some N. dromedarius and A. leporina in first 
stadium, and on the 7th to 10th netted L. prunata, H. proboscidalis, C. 
amata, S. biselata, H. hwmuli (female), DL. impura, P. strigilis v. aethiops, 
and various common Geometers. X. ferrugata, bred from eggs obtained 
on May 19th, began to emerge. On the 23rd a solitary M. stellatarum 
visited the garden, and from birch next day I collected two C. coryli 
(2nd instar), five T. duplaris (2nd and 38rd instar), two B. prasinana (2nd 
instar), several H. hastata, and a full-grown S. bilunaria. A. paphia 
and H. semele were now on the wing in moderate numbers. 


Tl] health kept me indoors most of August, but round about the house 
I noted, on the 4th, several A. paphia (mostly females), P. c-album, E. 
semele (mostly females), T. quercus (females), P. icarus (commoner than 
I have previously seen it in this county), L. phlaeas (ditto), M. tithonus 
(abundant), E. tages, and watched a female A. cydippe feeding at a 
burdock. On a short walk on the 8th I saw the first P. aegeria I have 
ever seen in these parts—a very tattered male. From some aspens on 
this day I collected eggs of P. tremula and N. ziczac. O. chenopodiata 
(limitata) rose from the grass at one’s feet almost everywhere. On the 
9th I sugared and attracted one T. pronuba, one A. monoglypha, and 
one A. pyramidea. In the garden EH. icterata race subfulvata was netted. 
By this time all the bats had gone—they are unusually plentiful here; 
far too plentiful for the moth-hunter. But the Noctuidae were so extra- 
ordinarily scarce this year that doubtless the bats betook themselves, 
like Lycidas, to fresh woods and pastures new. Certainly the four which 


REMARKS ON XANTHIA AURAGO. 123 


customarily did sentry-go along my sugaring beat disappeared in July, 
and not a bat was seen anywhere here in August though watched for 
each evening. 

On 12th August a male P. fuliginosa was found in a spider’s web on 
the coach-house door, and C. icteritia, bred from catkins, emerged, with 
C. lutea the following day; both, in my experience, early dates. On the 
16th A. chi was seen at rest on a patch of green moss and therefore was 
conspicuous several yards away: presumably it had been disturbed from 
some more suitable background; and a pair of A. tragopogonis were 
found in cop. under a piece of loose bark on an alder. They remained 
conjoined until 4 p.m., and it was not until lst September that the 
female began to oviposit. On the 17th A. circellaris emerged; this moth 
was abundant later at sugar. Very little work could be done during 
the rest of August and in September, but I saw E. protea on a trunk on 
25th August, and on the 30th 7. crataegi and C. ligula emerged in the 
cages. On lst September a solitary larva (8rd instar) of P. tremula was 
noticed on aspen. 

During September several C. nwpta were brought to me, and on the 
12th larvae of C. coryli and B. prasinana taken from beech. Heads of 
Angelica sylvestris in a dark boggy wood yielded several larvae of E. 
trisignaria and E. tripunctaria. Sugar in the garden on the 14th pro- 
duced A. pyramidea, L. fimbria, T. pronuba, T. comes (orbona), A. 
ipsilon, H. micacea, A. c-nigrum, A. xanthographa, P. meticulosa, C. 
circellaris, P. gamma, C. clavipalpis, C. vaccinu, C. gilvago, A. secalis, 
and A. lychnidis. G. ornithopus was unusually common this year, both 
here and at my home in Hertfordshire. 

No field work was done during and after October, but sugar was 
spread on posts, etc., outside the front door on several evenings up to 
3rd November. The only species seen were C. vaccinti and C. ligula (both 
in great profusion and variety), C. circellaris, P. meticulosa, E. trans- 
versa (satellitia)—about six of the grey form—O. dilutata, and A. oxy- 
acanthae. On 17th October a foreigner appeared (not yet identified), 
and on the 30th X. exoleta. 

The resemblance of 1944 lepidopterologically to 1893 was remarkable, 
and a perusal of Volume IV of this Journal is instructive. ; 


REMARKS ON XANTHIA AURAGO. 
By Capt. C. Q. Parsons. 


Barrett states that the Rev. H. H. Crewe used to see this insect - 
flying backwards and forwards on the outskirts of Beech Woods in the 
sunshine between 4 and 5 p.m. I have frequently seen references to its 
being taken at Ivy, Sugar, and Light, but not to its behaving in this 
manner. 

On the other side of my lane, in Seaway Lane, Torquay, there is an 
old garden about 200 yards long bordered by some old Maples about 40 
feet high. Last autumn I frequently used to sit at a window in an 
upper room between 4.30 and 5.15 (G.M.T.) facing across the lane. One 
afternoon I noticed a small yellowish-pinkish Noctuid flying about the 
tops of the Maples in the sunshine. The following days were still and 


124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/ 1944 


sunny, when I noticed as many as five at a time flying high up back- 
wards and forwards. I managed to get a glimpse of them in a pair of 
binoculars, but on going into the lane they never came lower than 14 
feet and then only for a few seconds at a time. I put a freshly emerged 
2 in a cage suspended from a lower branch of a sallow tree, but she 
showed no sign of activity at that time of day, and attracted no suitor 
on that or the following night. ; 

If I had not sat in that room I should never have noticed auwrago in 
the sunshine. 

The sun has been almost non-existent between 4 and 5 p.m. (G.M.T.) 
this autumn, and when it has been shining there has generally been a 
high wind. Awrago has not appeared in daylight; but four came to a 
solitary ivy bush just inside my gate in one night. One or two come 
annually. . 

I have kept six females from time to time for ova and have only once 
been successful. On this occasion she scorned the beech twigs and laid 


profusely all over the muslin lid. The other five must surely have been 


virgins; they were certainly not faded. 

I planted a small sycamore in a flower pot in preparation for these 
ova in the spring. I think it was April when the terminal buds just 
opened and the very young leaves started to just flatten out. I pinned 
on to them small pieces of muslin containing the eggs and left the pot 
uncovered. Shortly after this I noticed a few newly hatched larvae 
hanging down on silken threads, so hoisted them up again. This pro- 
cedure continued for the best part of a week during the period of hatch- 
ing. The larvae were not happy on the just opened leaves and lowered 
themselves again out of sight. The few remaining I put into glass- 
topped boxes with unopened buds, when they promptly nibbled their 
way into them and disappeared as recommended by the text books. 


eeeeeeeeeeeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEe——eEeEeEeEEEEEE—————ee 


NEW FOREST AND DISTRICT NOTES. 
By S. G. Castre RvusseEtu. 


Following my notes in your issue of last August which chronicled 
collecting notes up to the 22nd of May 1944, lepidopterous insects after 
this date showed no improvement in numbers generally and the weather 
also was distinctly unfavourable. 

The Argynnids, euphrosyne, selene, cydippe and paphia, were all 
exceedingly scarce. Selene was never found in any numbers and aglaia 
was not seen at all. This species has almost entirely disappeared from 
the Forest in recent years. A long walk through one of the largest en- 
closures on a sunny day from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. disclosed not more than 


100 paphia, nearly all males, and not a single example of var. valezina. : 


A few cydippe (adippe) were seen in the open areas where a few seasons 
ago they were very abundant. Limenitis camilla, Linn., was also scarce. 
An odd Thecla quercus, Linn., was seen and, an occasional Lycaenopsis 
argiolus. Aphantopus hyperantus, Linn., was about in better numbers 
than last season but, even so, was by no means in the quantities that 
used to occur in past years. 

Most of the areas favoured by the above-mentioned butterflies have 
been over-run by timber hauling and cutting, which presumably would 


NEW FOREST AND DISTRICT NOTES. 125 


interfere with their breeding activities. On the other hand, in certain 
of the enclosures there are areas that have not been jatectoted with in 
the least, and are in perfect condition for Lepidopterous life, yet insects 
are just as scarce in these areas.. 

As regards Argynnis paphia, a feature of last season was the extra- 
ordinary scarcity of females, and on one occasion during a day’s col- 
lecting the ratio was one female to 50 males. This may have had an 
effect on the number of insects during this season. 

Two examples of Nymphalis polychloros were seen in July and this 
was the first time I have seen this species in July for very many years. 

Polyommatus icarus, Rott., was but rarely seen, and Plebejus argus 
(aegon), Linn., was entirely absent from its ancient domain at Beaulieu 
Road and but a few in evidence in other parts of the Forest. 

Although a good search was made, not a single moth of any kind was 
found on tree trunks in the Forest. 

In the Highcliffe district the only species that occurred in any num- 
bers were Maniola jurtina, Linn., and Maniola tithonus, Linn., but 
neither occurred in the usual abundance. In early May males of Pararge 
megera, Linn., began to appear but no females were seen until early 
June, when both sexes became plentiful. Only two examples of a third 
brood were seen, which last season were very .plentiful up to the first 
week in November. I was much interested in watching the antics of 
several pairs of this species. The females in their customary manner 
sat open-winged on the ground with their abdomens raised. The male 
contacted with the head of the female and made frequent and violent 
charges, so much so.that the female was pushed back quite a distance 
and the male sometimes was carried right over the lady and did a series 
of acrobatics. This play went on for some time but no attempt at pair- 
ing was made by the male. Probably the female had been paired before. 


Heodes phlaeas, Linn. This species was unusually scarce in the early 
summer but, in spite of this and the unfavourable weather, provided a 
small brood which was on the wing from early September until the end 
of October. A larger proportion of the abs. CO CHUILOD UTES and cupres- 
puncta than usual, occurred. 


On the local railway bank, which is favoured by all the species that 
occur in the district, I netted two examples of Melitaea cinxia, Linn , 
which were released. These may have come over from the Isle of Wight 
or from a small colony domiciled on the Undercliff about a mile away > 
from the bank. On a day in September I am almost certain IT saw an 
example of Argynnis lathoma. I had a good view of it, but before I 
could get near it flew over the line to the opposite bank and disappeared. 

_In early August a journey was made to the Winchester area in search 
of coridon, but it proved futile, as the two localities visited (far apart) 
had been ploughed up after a miserable crop. . Needless to say the food- 
plant no longer exists. — 

In 1917-18 one could select up to 50 Polyommatus coridon, per 
day, but here again they became extinct, together with all the typical 
coridon, owing to some disease. [ast season I went to Winchester and 
found the whole area taken over by the Air Force and ruined for ever. 
I never saw, or heard, of one at St Catharine’s Down. 


The season generally has been the worst one that I can recollect and 
this experience is confirmed by other local collectors I have come into 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/XIT/ 1944 


contact with. All my breeding activities have been futile owing to the 
death by disease of the larvae and pupae. I have found so many dead 
larvae of the Vanessa sp. on nettle, etc., that I am inclined to think that 
and epidemic disease has had a great deal to do with the unusual scarcity 
in this district. 

Let us hope that next season will show an increase of numbers and 


opportunities to collect under more comfortable and less strenuous con- 
ditions. 


THE LENGTH OF THE LIFE-CYCLE IN INDIA. 
By D. G. Srevastorvuto, F.R.E.S. 


In a short note (1944, Hntomologist’s Record, lvi, 47) Mr Russell 
James mentions a life-cycle of 37 days from hatching to emergence for 
a forced brood of Caradrina ambigua, to which Mr Bainbrigge Fletcher 
adds a remark that the allied Laphygma exigua has been known to com- 
plete its life-cycle in three weeks under normal conditions in India. I 
find that I have a number of records of the life-cycles of various species 


reared during the last’ few years in India, which may possibly be of 
interest. 


a3 
(<D) 
c— He) 
— () oO iG) 
3 = ‘ ey 3) feyt} 3) 
3 s 
= a = © co ene 
e = s= oo gam << & 
= e 3 a SLE alias) 42 
e e 5 E ee ee 
‘) 6 a, cs aoe Bae 
SATYRIDAE. Days. 
Mycalesis visala, Moore Me 6.V1il 9.vili Q4.vill 30.Vili 24 21 
Mycalesis perseus, F. we: soy eSeitttil 31.111 14.iv 20.iV 93 20 
Ypthima hubneri, Kirby ah) SAL 6.vii Q4.vil 31.Vil il 25 
Melanitis leda, L. Ae soo. Opbells 29.i1x 115}.55¢ Q1.X 26 22 
SYNTOMIDAE. 
Amata passalis, F. & apn SSA) 29.vili 8.x 16.x 53 48 
Amata cyssea, Stoll. sae Bee cate ll 15.11 12.111 21.111 40 34 
LASIOCAMPIDAE. 
Trabala vishnu, Lef. cian Bs — Q4h.iv 20.V 31.V — 37 
SPHINGIDAE. 
Herse convolvuli, L. At ah LEX Tok 23.x 3.xi 30 Q7 
Cephonodes hylas, L. Ge ia — 6.ii 1.111 14.111 — 36 
Deilephila nerii, L. : eo avall: 30.vii 12.vili Q3.vili 31 Q4 
Theretra oldenlandiae, F. Cava 25.Vil 7T.vill 17.viii 26 23 
Theretra pinastrina, Mart. ... — 23.Vill 51x 15.ix = 23 
Rhyncholaba acteus, Cr. ee — 25.1x 8.x 20.K —_— 25 
NOCTUIDAE. es 
Sideridis venalba, Moore Fee Koy Q4.1 20.11 28.11 43 35 
Mocis undata, F. er SPS MEN Dx 30.Xi 13.x1i 44 4A 


Possibly a clearer idea of the rapidity of development can be got 
from the fact that in the ee moults take place at intervals of 
48 hours. 


Calcutta, 14.1x.44. 


7 


COLLECTING NOTE. 127 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


LEPIDOPTERA IN THE PuLBoROUGH District oF Sussex In 1944.—I 
have been very largely housebound during the greater part of the past 
season for reasons unconnected with the weather, and so can give but a 
poor account of collecting in 1944. 

I found the larvae of Atethmia xerampelina (A. centrago, Haw., as 
I think it should be) extremely plentiful in the early Spring, due in part, 
no doubt, to my habit during these last few years of collecting very 
large numbers of these larvae, breeding the moths in the hope of good 
forms and then returning ninety-nine per cent. of them to the trees 
from which the larvae came. 

Among a number of interesting colour variants of the usual centrago 
with its clearly defined bands, there occurred three unicolorous forms, 
rich carnation-red (unicolor, Stdgr.), purple-red or dark brownish-red 
(obscwra, Cockerell), and golden-yellow (lutea, Brombg.). [See Turner, 
Noc. and Vars. Supp. Notes, III, 54.] 

This last is described by Bromberg as citron-yellow. Mine are cer- 
tainly very different from the orange-tinted yellow of the ordinary 
centrago ground colour. His type specimens had a very narrow red 
outer band and no central band. My best example has no band at all, 
but others (2) I have bred in other years have a distinct reddish tinge 
on the extreme outer margin and no doubt all are variants of a single 
form, the opposite in development to forms wnicolor and obscura. 

A fourth nearly wnicolor form appeared, very deep smoky-saffron 
in colour, and without the pale lines edging the central fascia being 
specially noticeable, as they are in wnicolor and obscura. I hope to deal 
with this apparently new form when [I have obtained a better range of 
intermediates between it and centrago than I have now, and can be 
sure of the line along which it has been developed. It is quite distinct 
from ab. rufescens, Turner, which I have from Lewes but have never 
bred here. 

This year, as always (at least in this area), the extreme forms col- 
lectively are well below 1% of the moths bred. 

The Spring brood of Lycaenopsis argiolus was very abundant, far 
more so than I have seen these last twenty years, and I found the larvae 
of Ruralis betulae more plentiful than usual in the hedges. 

I could not get away as far as the place in which I took the A. iris 
larva that produced a large 9 ab. iole in 1943, but a hurried search for 
these larvae in nearby spots, where usually I can find it, was fruitless, 
and I gained the opinion that it was very late or scarce this year. 

A large batch of pupae, Nonagria geminipuncta, taken in a local 
pond produced a fair number of very black forms (nigricans, Stdgr.), 
nearly all 3, while from a few pupae, P. typhae, taken in a Sussex 
pond, I bred an extreme black form of ab. fraterna; too black, as I 
think, to be included under this name. 

Polyommatus icarus was very abundant in late Fane in a marshy 
field here, the 99 being exceedingly blue. Some when on the wing 
were hard to distineaish from the ¢<¢. 

Despite hordes of larvae, A. wrticae and V. io seen on the nettles, 


neither species appeared really common later in the year, but both P. 


comma and V. atalanta were abundant in early autumn. 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/XIT/1944 


C. nupta turned up in the traps put for wasps around the bee- 
hives, and so, incidentally, did a number of hornets. 

From the end of August, when the A. zerampelina having emerged 
and been distributed in their haunts, I could get out for a little sugar- 
ing, I found the usual common autumn Noctuae to be very plentiful 
and sugar very attractive. 

A few species were definitely less plentiful than usual, among them 
X. aurago, X. socia, and O. ligula (possibly not fully out); against this, 
species specially abundant were X. ornithopus, O. vaccinu, and M. 
circellaris, which were on every patch, in force.—A. J. WiIGHTMAN, 
‘ Aurago,’’ Pulborough. — 


OBITUARY. 
Wi. G. SHELDON, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 


W. G. Suex~pon had been a friend since I met him in the mid ’80’s 
on Shirley Heath one evening while dusking. We both then had to 
‘make our way,’’ and he was eventually very successful. The British 

Lepidoptera were his favourite pursuit then and so it was to the end of 
his days. When the late J. W. Tutt was in the height of his entomo- 
logical work in the last ten years of 1800’s and in the first twenty years 
of this century, and when Chapman was working year by year in con- 
tinental areas, Sheldon was one of those, and there were many, who 
enthusiastically collected abroad. But Sheldon still loved the British 
Lepidoptera and spent much time in working on the smaller species, in 
particular the Tortrices. His journeys included Sarepta on the Volga, 
Herculesbad, The North Cape, as well as the S. of France, the Alps, 
Spain, etc. Later on he went to the N. of S. America. 

For many years he had been a member of the well-known S. London > 
Entomological Society, and in due course he joined the Fellowship of 
the Entomological Society of London. There he was induced to take 
over the post of Treasurer. His good business capacity and his desire 
to raise the status of the Society, which was then lodged in another 
Society’s inadequate rooms, were placed at the service of the Council. 
A considerable sum was raised in debentures by his efforts and permanent 
premises were bought near the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) in S. Ken- 
sington. Finally, with the united co-operation of the Fellows under his 
arrangement, the whole of this loan was repaid, and the Society was 
placed on a substantial financial footing free of debt, with adequate 
accommodation and comfortable surroundings affordine full access to 
its very well equipped Library. In fact he was a ‘‘ great chancellor.” 

As a man he was somewhat ieserved, but a reliable and staunch 
friend to all who knew him, and it was a real pleasure to be with him 
in the field and note his ability and acquired knowledge. A visit to his | 
residence at Oxted, Surrey, gave an insight into his other activities. He 
was a gardener, and’ many were the choice plants he grew. Well do I 
remember a large bed of Géntiana acaulis in full bloom and the wonder- 
ful ‘‘ blue poppy ’’ (Meconopsis). His love for the Wicken Fen area 
led him to the National Trust, of which he became a Member of its 
Council. 

Other activities took more of his free time, and only in the last year 
of his life did illness slow down his energy. He was in his 85th year 
at the time of his death.—Hy. J. T. 


REVIEW. 129 


REVIEW. 


‘‘Tarkinc or Morus,” by an Old Moth Hunter.—This interesting 
book, sent for review nearly twelve months ago, was delayed at first for 
want of space and then, owing to long absence from home, unworthily 
forgotten. A new book! The title, as is usual, gives little information 
of its contents, precise contents. The preface, if there be one, may be 
- more informative, it may not. Then come the headings of the chapters, 
which may lead to something good. Chapter VII in this book is entitled 
‘“The Kentish Buccaneers.’? That heading calls to mind that in my 
early days seventy years ago there were magazine rumours of a “ fac- 
tory’? at Canterbury, for the manufacture of British examples of 
lathonia, niobe, pityocampa, satura, fraxini, peregrina, ononaria, dap- 
lidice, lunaris, etc. One can read up here the whole sordid game and 
the names of those engaged in it, and then one can call to mind what 
numbers of these and other species exist in old collections, which have 
come under the hammer and got dispersed into some of our more recent 
collections of rarities. The next chapter, VIII, headed ‘‘ Indoor Col- 
lecting,’’ carries on this phase of collecting to a more recent date, illus- 
trated by collections often dispersed in the old ‘‘ Stevens Sale Room.”’ 
All this is written in good literary style interspersed with verse here and 
there, and based on printed records in early magazines show out the 
craft of so many of the early dealers. Chaper VI, ‘‘ Insect Psycho- 
logy.’ ‘‘ Larvae cannot think for themselves.’ Instinct is discussed 
at length and quotations from many who have written on it are included. 
Chapter V, ‘‘ The Way of a Moth with its Mate,’’ covers the question 
of Scent in Moths, the habits of Assembling and the Attraction of Sugar, 
ending with verses, ‘‘ The Song of the Sugarer ’’: 


I like to chase machaon 
As it sails along the fen; 
I like to catch blandina 
In her rushy mountain glen; 
I like to pit my legs 
Against edwusa’s headlong flight; 
To circumvent A. iris 
In a wood is my delight. 
But how can these 
Enjoyments please 
Like sugaring in a woodland 
When the wind is warm and light? 


Chapter II, ‘‘ Cannibals and Hibernators,’’ is full of hints on breed- 
ing results under different methods, dealing with many species; a most 
useful practical chapter. Chapter III, ‘‘ Survival Factors,’’ discusses 
aught that will facilitate successful breeding and aught that will be 
detrimental to successful results with various species. Another practical 
chapter written in a chatty attractive style. In fact this book is the 
result of actual personal, practical experiences of success and failure, 
and in no way a compilation made by others in geographical surround- 
ings unknown to the author. There are more than 300 pages of really 
useful information at a small figure, which should be in the hands of the 
‘really earnest student of Nature’s ways.—Hy. J. T. 


CONTENTS OF VOLUME LVI. 
By HY. J. TURNER, F.R.ES., F.R.H.S 


PAGE 


“Assembling Scents in Macro-Lepi- 
doptera, Non-Specific,’ H. M. 
Edelsten and J. C. F. Fryer ...... 7 

“ Ab. waiensis of B. (T.) consonaria 
in Forest of Dean,’ G. B. Manley 13 


‘© A. alni in Staffordshire,’ P. Siviter 


Sait ia. bes ch eae ee eee aed 39 
“ Assembling in India,’ D. G. Sevas- 

CODUTO es iiss .d Ayla eeceten ace ies ce sass elses 48 
“© A. lucernea, Dates of appearance,” 

Capita C: @. Parsons iene crescents 50 
** Alternative Foodplants,’ <A.  H. 

SHERTIMeTs Bee, AOee ee ORNL: Cx ahs 106 
“A. subulatum (Orth.) in Bedford- 

shire,’ 1B. BH. Eawrence)....:..2..2::, 106 
‘Asymmetry,’ , Rev. Desmond Mur- 

EP Nets Besehendod ance psn susebelccogriccs decabauagsaean 109 
*“ Argynnis paphia, An Enquiry, S. 

GJ AGastiewusselli..jcset ssetesteseesseacesoe 10 


‘Butterflies protected on both sides 
in flight,’ Rev. Desmond Murray 24 
“ Butterfly collecting in Wood Wal- 
GO yee Le AR Ine C US treet cancer meee 30, 42 


‘“ Buckler, Wm., An Old Time’ Ar- 
tiSh2. So) Ge) Castlem Russell 2:2...- 38 

“ Breeding experiments with Arctia 
COLO ED) STAI) Cassese teeceaeceaee 45 

‘Bithynian Mt. Olympus,’ Dr Mal- 
COMM VBUMER, sete eeees ssc cnecoeteee ee Meine 100 


“ B. rhomboidaria and G. bidentata 
on Rhum,” J. W..H. Harrison, 
IR IRS 
Collecting Notes ... 7, 20, 38, 44, 58, 
70, 82, 106, 118, 127 
by AON hard (0 oleaediiemoe. 
94, 108, 120. 


Current Notes 


“Coleophora (Eupista) conyzae in 
Dorset pS.) Cam BROW Oi crs sccecensses 13 
Clabes HntomoloeivGaly ees moses ee see ee ot 
COPRTECTIONS I) cies aacsctecwsepe ee ase 58 
Collecting near London ......... tre ee 61 
“ Catkins,’”’ An Old Moth Hunter ... 67 
““¢_ albipila -(Dip.) .bred,”’ H.. W., 
DAINGIBE WiSm paeteccascs acer seosinuateascasereneceact 71 
Gosthot PPlates vex eaeecercnsecs sosceeaees seeeeee 71 
** Collecting near Canterbury,” J. M. 
Chalmers-Hunt _................ Rialeera aia 118 
‘Colour Changes in Eggs of Lepi- 
dopierat. 2) Be) MewAlaiay es 119 


‘‘Dates for Grasshoppers, Some,” 
T. Bainbrigge Fletcher ............... 
‘“‘Delaved Expansion of Wings in 
Lepidoptera,’’ Dr E. A. Cockayne 82 
“ Dira megera, Third Appearance,” 
T. Bainbrigge Fletcher ............... 9 
‘* Distribution of Lepidoptera around 
Lough Neagh,’? Dr Bryan P. 
REY S) 11g AVe Ree eae ARE anism dean aemcoo Sates ARE Sie 62 
“Enquiry, An. A. paphia in the 
New Forest, S. G. Castle. Russell 10, 11 


PAGE. 
*“ Kulype subhastata in Hebrides, 
Jeo We ee MELA PIS OM se tesscssescess eee 25, 
Ecology and Entomology, R.E.S., 
TOWNE yp ICC LNMG | ees) acs ane conesateoes Shee Qe 
“Karly Appearance of H. tityus,” 
PLB EMME CANAAN fe ose eiees cerlooe es see ontebee 60: 


“ C. croceus,’ S. G. Castle Russell ... 61 
“Food plant for A. (P.) hastiana,” 
Jee Wisckh, SEAR RIS OMe eeeeees hese ié¢ 
“Food plants for V. cardui’’; “‘ M. 
oxyacanthae,’ P. B. M. Allan’ 60, 70 


*Formicid Nomenclature” (Rev.), 
BaD We SMOble yi ssecte ee coeeenecee nee 63: 
“Flowers visited by B. smithianus 
(GaRyian ge als Nin AElS EIGN ARISTA occas 108 
Genera of British Formicidae ......... 63 
Gynandromorphs, 1, (paphia) ......... 83 
-* Grasshopper Gossip,’ Dr Malcolm 
15151 ol I BN Ta SL Redle WN. cael os: S 
GENUS PLaPEleis” Wor seacaccesesens ents eee ere 3: 
‘“ Gall-midges on Aspen,’ J. W. H. 
PRARTISOMG 7" Bac.5 tacceeccssacsanes sce ceeetens Q4 
“« Genital Armature in Lepidoptera, 
The Taxonomic Value in Lepidop- 
tera?) Be Ps Wiltshimey secccesee ces AT 
*“ Hammar Lakes, A visit to the,’ E. 
Pe A WalES TAT Gy (eke ee Soe seo ee cone 14, 29 
‘*Haliday and Nees v. Esenbeck,’’ 
We “D.C KS: (2c. cai sce, eee eee 19 
“ Hamearis lucina in the New 
BOTESE, 7? 428 Sc a choueaae meen carne mea sear 24, 46 
‘“ Heat, An unexpected Result,” A. 
RUSSCLU + DAMES © oe eee eee cseneeee ame acesecee AT 
‘* Heodes phlaeas, Third Emergence,” 
BV, Tie avs ES ie Se ee 2 Uo cee tee 10 
Immigrant Lepidoptera, Report of 
GW OM asad seeue ten sint eee ae te aco ee CORE 49, 61, 72 


*‘Intersexes of Hybrid L. hirtaria 
xP. lapponaria (hyvb. wallacei),” 
Die oA) COCKAYNE) iti ean-duadsecntene 65. 


Immigration Committee .................. 95 
List of, Genera of Middle East Lepi- 
doptera, 32; Races of P. apollo, 
41; Species of Lepidoptera at 
sugar in July, 44; Localized Lepi- 
doptera around L. Neagh, 62; 
Lepidoptera (India) with substi- 
tute Foodplants, 74; Noctuae at 
sugar near’ Canterbury, 118; 
Summer forms of Eurema 
(COLiGs)) WES Aes Sch tee oan 120 
Longevity of R. (E£.) simulans ......... 9 
Larvae of Indian Lepidoptera ......... Q7 
List of P. apollo races in Anatolia ... 41 
“List of Indian substitute Food- 
plants,” D. G. Sevastopulo ......... 75 
L. aeruginosus (Col.), a British species 93 
Language of Science ...................00085 95 
A. bembeciformis on Rhum ............... 105 


EE, 


INDEX. 1ST 


PAGE 

Life-cycle of Lepidoptera in India, | 
TL ETRVEAELN. VCO) Reis ete ae epson See aera ar 126 
MEISi a O hee AAI GCLES 292... 65.5ccs seassdsecea¥cccaens -20 


“ Life History of P. coracina, Notes 
on the, Austin Richardson, 114: 
WitOsDir A. Cockayne. .:..4:.:.:.- 116 

Localities : America, S., 80; Calcutta, 

48: Canterbury, Near, 118; Glou- 
cester, 12; Hammar Lake, Irak, 


14, 29; Hebrides, ; Iraq, 14, 
29: Ireland, N. of, 59; London, 
Near, 61; Lough Neagh, 62; 


Montgomeryshire, 29, 44, 67, 70, 
83, 121: Middle East, 97, 111; New 
Forest, 23, 61, 78: Olympus, The 
Bithynian Mt., 100; Oriental Area, 
97, 111; Rhum, Isle of, 16, 24, 25, 
105, 107, 118; Wood Walton, 35, 42; 
Bulperouch. 107; . Tadia. 22.4.0... 126 
‘* Marsh Lepidoptera in Iraq,” E. P. 


NINES ING cH onan ce dw os meeaee sce aenakeeces 16, 29 
Mass Movement (Immigration) ..... 72, 83 
Melitaea deione, A subspecies of ...... 105 
Mircea able! IMSECIS-s ....c.:.-c0nsceneese 22, 59 
Micro-Lepidoptera of Gloucester- 

STM (ERO VIC W): cess vecsocecessscedenssseenst 12 
‘* Middle East Lepidoptera. VI. New 

Forms. HP. Wiltshire. ....s: 97, 111 


* Mimicry in P. valeria (India), Re- 
puted,’ Dr L. Richmond Wheeler 90 

** Montgomeryshire Notes,’ P. B. M. 
VAC M eet es coals cies se sctaiiscneds 20, 24, 124 

*“Morphology and Taxonomy of the 
Genitalia of Brit. Lepidoptera,” 


Fees ee PES CUMING) ssa cto nccs cece cot due'es seansle cee s.c 85 
‘Mystery, An Entomological,’ S. G. 

Gastle VRUSSEM, vss: Geek bos sqeates bes seen 23 
Nomenclature of some Microgaster- 

TR SVS a BAG 0S ae ee MR — 49 
Notodonta dromedarius on Hazel ... 24 


“New Foodplant, Apparently, for 
Vencorauis V5 Wie. (Harrison “i3-" 2 
‘** New Aberrations and Subspecies of 


Brit. Lepidoptera,’ Dr E. A. 

GOVE TINE Spiraea ceca ees Sse eee ere 53 
‘©N. of Ireland, 1948, Notes on the,” 

(Ts GREYS CRUD Bn Se eee eee 59 
‘“ Notes on New Forest and District,” 

SarGaeOasile RUSSEL! fcnccce ce... 78, 124 
Nepticula anomalella on Wild Rose 

INR MMAERENUINIOL oo ccc chee ce eidesedic aonec gece 108 
N. polychloros breeding near Swan- 

BESO MANY) VEATS. s2.2c2:c5<0seeesss 119 
New Goleophora (U.S.A.) «....:...cssc00.- 120 
New Forest and District Notes ......... 124 


AONOME ANAM ee: occ oesec-sasceessacs cteeseces s 28, 40, 128 


PAGE 
Obituary: W. G. Sheldon, F.R.E.S., 

TdT Rohl ot eS en Oe eee ene ea toes Araneae A eM ore 128 
‘* Orthoptera observed in 1942,” H. J. 

YN A 9 Sal Ved 1S 0 A Vi eth ede eRe oe MER ‘18 
O. filigrammaria in I. of Rhum ...... 25 
Observations on Lepidoptera of S. 

AIM CE CaM UROVE) Pe cscenessse oes eee eee 80 


“Oriental Palaearctic Lepidoptera, 


Early Stages of,” E. P. Willt- 
ST es hs rr he ce sare ese 97, 111 
“Paring,” An. Unusual “Pieris. 2: 
Bainbriggve: BletCher= 2. ..c..s.:ce-teeeeee i 
PTO US les WEBS lees oe ceee ee ece soencn unas aaenaee 28 
Pqnoneta, im Scotland we te eee 38 
Pether Collection, Information wanted 39 
Poulton. Sire Edward (Bios... 2 ee 40 
P. apollo r. kosswigi, de Lait. ...... Ya\ Sith 
Parasitic Service of the Imperial 
Agricultural Bureau ........... His Thao 50 
PE napis. > One Side alDinO: iso cee - 82 
Rersomailin a0 8 c. 5 ane Gob he) Se care ewan one are 95 
PEROUCED RAG OMe RUMI LS ocd eee 118 
* P. daplidice near Ruislip, Middle- 
Sex. 7A lanes eam Gina e teen er 118 
POiremula One SAUL. COPTEG ee 119 
P. coracina (Life-history) ......... 114, 116 
Pulborough District of Sussex, Lepi- 
GOPteal: SH VIO Ae eee e es Roos une taaes 127 
Reviews ... 12, 25, 26, 27, 28, 50, 51, 52, 


63, 72, 80, 84, 96, 120, 129 
** Record, A belated,’’ A. Russell James 8 


RemMArKS ON: EX sOUTEAG Oc caccs pacers 123 
Races and | Sulbspecrests ssc 52, 62 
Sales: Whitehouse, 1, 17 (books), 33, 

56, 72, 95 


Substitute Foodplants ... 5, 8, 49, 74 
(India), 104 
S. immaculata (Dip.) in N. Kent ...... 46 
S.E. Union of Scientific Societies 51, 108 
* Spring Notes,’’ S. G. Castle Russell 61 


*« Subspecies of E. semele, New,” 
Amt Onivn WOM SOM eas cer-s--eeeree 65 
“ Studies in the Geography of Lepi- 
doptera,’’ E. P. Wiltshire ............ 713 
Seasonal Variation in the genus 
EER CTIUG: ODES PAT) feito see as home nner care 120 
Third Appearance of Dira megera ... 9 
Third Emergence of H. phiaeas ... 10, 47 


‘Turkish Butterflies, Further Notes 
Onin Rev. Gow W Neelen sere eee 58 
Terminology in Natural History 69, 79. 
“Tenants of an isolated Salix bush 
in Rhum,’ J. W. H. Harrison ... id7 
Zoological Society and Entomology .. 12 
‘«“ Zygaena Colony, A,’’ A. Russell 
James 


132 _ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 


PAGE 

JNM Way 2 Bee ee Fey Now | So ee ae a >, 
24, 45, 60, (67), 70, 83, 124 
PA WOTEWSsoHe® Wi, WARUBE Ss sseec-c eee ATA 
Balfour-Browne, F., F.R.S.E., F.R.E.S. 104 


Bemne. Bo Pe Veh pDe ye LA. 
BER ABS posed cnceasae uontee eae ee eseesaaeeceoes 85 
BOWS E s veckaacecce see ec an sae siawes sae Staeaete 13 

Burrs Dies Hohe uo eerie OLE 
95, 100 


Cockayne, Dr E. A., A.M., F.R.C.P., 
eRe See ll 20 oon OO od. 1G 
Cooke, Brig.-Gen. B. H., C.M.G., 
CSB PDS Ole occ aet ese eee rater aoe 105 
Dannreuther, Capt. T., R.N., F.R.E.S. 72 
Donisthorpe, H., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 22, 93 
Ed elsteneie Mey ORR BY Seu ecterees ora ra 


Fletcher, TT. SBainbrigge, F.L.S., 
BeZAS @ SBORGBES ia ee sesces The Os il DE VAT 

MOPDESS: “Ts We ee oi ic ccesceuns deccecreninens 8 

CBS cheYen Slertsd aN eM a tee patie ey eae Een 59 


ALEISOn ProtsdlaWeo tic. Bol.S. eaeb: 
24, 2%, 105, 107, 118 


MV ATIES: HA Sod ogo hisoee cc scsccee sucess se eos gence eer 118 
Hincks, W. D., M.P.S., F.R.E.S. ...... 19 
unt. dio Miet (CWAlMeLrs—. Soc. oksesonee seer ae= 119 
PATINES: BAEC Ne vaceeie cos cacecncsotwoeroee 8, 47, 106 
UE VISS ie Wiad Wests cee cn eccc nc acicns=seeeseemaree 10 


15/ XII /1944 

PAGE 
aAWECWGGL By ye) nocn eee cee. beastie ewok tcceeeee 107 
Weeds: “HR GAG abe araee teenie eee tose 35, 42 
MaelanniniicAs (INES tose errant n coe 38 
Malcolm, Avitss IMGs Agere tee eee 59 
Manitley, (GtaBby 2 oo ee cee 13 
Morley: “Be SIDZQWieo rosso eee eee 63 
Murray, Rey... Desmonds se... 24, 109 
Parsons; Capi-d@.1@ oy ecssccce erence D0, 123 
Rawlinson. W..Gs PB oRSBS. pease 26 


Richardson, Austin, M.A., F.R.E.S. ... 116 
Russeliss> GAC. aed) dO ad aeoasoes 

46, 56, 61, 78, 83, 124 
Sevastopulo, D. G., F.R.E.S. ... 48, 74, 126 


SiVItER SINT thy Pe PO RaB Sees 10, 29 
Smart. He Ds WR MsSty cic eeoeee neces 45 
SDEPPEIN GS ALS rie heres ows sessesteee ee renee 106 
TatGhell, (Ta ee te .ccncuescecetosteeemerencoeetecee 119 
Thompson, Antony, M.A., F.R.E.S. ... © 
Turner, “Hiye-Jeoe bakes. SheReHess 


12, 26, 27, 40, 50, 51, 52, 61, 62, 63, 
69071, 72.09; 380, Sa, 64, 90. as. stee 


Wheeler: Re PHD ao cess cscc-ncucceseees 47, 90 
Wheeler. Reve GBR IB Soe ts. see 55 
Whelan di, CAR Oooo seco nea choo ones eeeereen 18 


Wiltshire, Ee PQ B ReEES. 2. os eos 
LT 49, Aho, Oi Aad 
Wichtman: As 3.4 BORGES. 6 occeeeeee ooee 127 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate I. 


Larval Cases of Eupista (Coleophora) conyzae, to face page 13. 


II. Genitalia of British Lepidoptera and Taxonomy, to face page 85. 
III. Asymmetry in Genitalia of Lepidoptera, to face page 109. 
IV. Early Stages of Oriental Palaearctic Lepidoptera, to face page 111. 


SUPPLEMENT. 
The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Vol dis pe4(433)4- peA(t72):.- 


AS we go to press we regret to hear that our ‘‘ Editor Emeritus,’’ 


G. T. Bethune-Baker, has passed away. 


He was 89 in July. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (169) 


Hadena, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Wood, Dup., H.-S., Gn., Meyr., 
Stdgr., Splr., Cul. [Crino, Hb. (1821), Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: Huwmich- 
tis, Hb. (1821), Sth., Hamp.: Euwrois, Hb. (1821), Barr.: Polia, Ochs. & 
Tr. (1816-25), Meyr.] adusta, Esp. 


Tutt, Br. Noct., 74 (1892): Meyr., Hundb., 130 (1895):  Barr., Lep. 
br tss WV..177; plt. 152, 2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., Iled., 171. (1901): 
Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 329, f. 108 (1906): Sphr., Schm. Ewur., I, 190, 
plt. 40, 1 (1907): South, M.B.I., I, 260, plt. 121, 3-4 (1907): Warr.-Stz., 
Pala Neet., 111, 131, pit. 3ic.(1910).: .Culot; N..et G.,1-€); 150,, plt. 27, 
figs. 5-8 (1910): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 135 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. 
Supp., III, 139, plt. 171 (1934). 


Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Europ., VII, fig. 457a, b, ¢, d (1790), which 
they said was either the anceps or the perplexa of the Verz., Schiff. 

Esper, Abbild. Noct., IV (1), 483, plt. 149, 1-2 (1789+ ?), gave two 
figures which are taken as the typical form, reddish-brown, mottled with 
blackish, some markings lighter. Werneb., Beitr., II, 45 (1864), called 
it the satura of Schiff., i.e. the adusta of Treit. On plate 129, L, l.c., 
he figured an insect which he called acctpitrina, which Werneb. said 
was saportae, and if not was either a var. of adusta or of a small persi- 
cariae. 

Hiibner’s fig. valida, Hb., Samml. Noct., 606-7-8 (1809-13) is much 
darker than the British race, while the two specimens I have from Vienna 
seem to be intermediate between these two figures, Hiibner’s and Esper’s. 
Esper’s is very rough but in general appearance agrees with fig. Hb. 606. 

Wood, Index Ent., 49, plt. 12, f. 235 (1834), gave a dark figure with 
only a few traces of light (not whitish) colour. Stephens, Illus., called 
this lighter coloration ‘‘ flavescent.”’ 

Dup., Hist. Nat. Supp., III, 233, plt. 22, 1 (1836), gave a very good 
figure of the usual continental somewhat lighter form, ¢. His previous 
figure and description was in l.c., VI, 316, plt. 92, f. 6 (1826), a dark 
figure, 9. 

Freyer, Neu. Beitr., I, 119, plt.-48, 1 (1833), gave a good figure of 
a form of this species under the name vulturina. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 280, fig. 403 (1849), gave a figure of his var. 
vulturina (on plate), vuléwrinea (in text) (1850), which is ‘‘ flavescent ”’ 
and ‘‘ not essentially different from adusta,’’ p. 280. 

H.-S., l.c., fig. 497, gave a figure labelled pavida, Bdv., as a species, 
of which he said, ‘‘ I doubt the specific difference of this form of adusta, 
because only the colour is divergent.’’ Of the figure 497 he said, ‘‘ fusca, 
cinereo, et purpurascenti mixta, linea-undulata acute nivea.’’ ‘ The 
hindwings are whiter than in the males of adusta.’’ The figure has a 
very light ground hindwing with broad dark outer margin clearly 
bounded on the inner side by a narrow strip of the light ground, itself 
succeeded by a narrower strip of dark banding. 

Stdgr., Cat., IIIed., 171, gave as Syn. vultwrina, Frr., vulturinea, 
H.S., valida, Hb., and septentrionalis, Hoff. & K. Treated baltica, 
pavida (chardinyt) [al. ant. multo obscurioribus albo variegata], sylva- 
tica [grisea], vicina and moesta [minor, multo obscurior al. ant. nigri- 
can.] as forms of adusta. 

Barrett on plate 150 gave four figures of adusta. 2b is supposed to 
represent a rich purple-brown form, having a subterminal line thickened 


(170) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/1944 


and spread into a beautiful zig-zagged yellow stripe, but the colour is 
not a beautiful purple-brown, and there is a dirty white line certainly 
not zigzag. 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 190, plt. 40, 1 (1907), gave a fairly dark figure 
not coloured as the typical dark form. 

South, M.B.I., I, 260, plt. 121, 3-4 (1907), gave two figures, a dark 
rich purplish-brown 9, a male a pale grey colour with marking clear 
and distinct. The figures are good. The ¢ is an unusually light form. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 131 plt. 32c (1910), gave figures of adusta 
6 and ©, both dark and of vulturina a paler grey-brown form; not a 
good figure. 

Culot, N. et G., I (1), 150, plt. 27, figs. 5 adusta and 7 pavida, both 
very good. The typical form has a very light reniform and anal angle 
blotches. The pavida is small. 

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 139, plt. 171, gave figures of vicina 
and moesta. 


Of the Variation Barrett wrote: 
Variation appears to be somewhat climatal, or at any rate local. In 
_ Suffolk there seems to be a slight tendency to a greyer-brown; but it is 
more to the North that the most pronounced variation is found. In 
Scotland from the southern border throughout the Midland, Hastern 
and Western districts of that country, especially in the large woods, 
heaths, and mountain districts, forms are found, often in abundance, 
having the chocolate-brown colour enriched, or otherwise clouded and 
partially obliterated, with black in varying degrees, sometimes obscuring 
or concealing, wholly or partially, the transverse lines, and in some 
instances having no marking distinctly visible except the whitish streaks 
in the reniform stigma, which are exceedingly constant. Similar speci- 
mens are found in the Orkneys, and Mr McArthur has brought one 
specimen thence, which is almost entirely velvety-black. In Shetland 
there is an intermingling of forms, some being like those from the South 
of England, others black-brown, with pale stigmata, whitish transverse 
lines, sometimes broadly so, and the nervures yellowish or whitish; others 
of a very rich red-brown and some of pale brown colour with markings 
sharply red-brown and black. Another variation, noticed in the North 
of Scotland by the late F. W. Buchanan White, shows great instability 
in the orbicular stigma, which ranges from circular to an elongated pear- 
shape. A specimen in Mr A. Horne’s collection, and taken in Perth- 
shire, is almost devoid of the red colouring, and is grey-brown, and very 
much like Mamestra brassicae. It is curious that in the South of York- 
shire, whence so many dark forms are obtained, and specimens of the 
present species occur quite as black as any of the ordinary Scottish. One 
captured near Huddersfield by Mr G. T. Porritt and in his collection, 
is of the southern type, yet of a richer purple-brown and having the sub- 
terminal line thickened and spread into a beautiful zigzagged yellow 
stripe. In Ireland the range of colour is from rich chocolate-brown to 
black-brown. 


The Names and Forms to be considered : . 
adusta, Esp. (1789+ ?), Abbild. Noct., IV, 483, plt. 149, 1-2. 
porphyrea, Scriba (1791), Beitr., II, p. 145, plt. x, 4. Syn. 
aquilina, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 381. Syn. 


‘ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (171) 


f. duplex, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 190. 

valida; Hb. (1809), Samml. Noct., IV, 606-8. Syn. 

satura, Steph. (1829), Zll., II, 181. [Syn. of duplex, Haw. ] 

f. vulturina, Frr. (1833), New. Beitr., I, 119, plt. 63, 1. 

f. chardinyt, Dup. (1836), Hist. Nat. Supp., III, 231, plt. 21.4. 

anilis, Bdv. (1840), Ind. Meth., 127 [not an adusta form]. 

r. pavida, (Bdv., 1840) Culot (1910), Ind. Meth., 120: N. et G., I (1), 150. 

baltica, Hering. (1846), Stett. e. Ztg., 237. [Syn. of vulturina, Frr.] 

vulturina (ea), H.-S. ? (1850) (? 1845), Sys. Bearb., f. 403 [Syn. of vul- 
turina, Frr.] ? 

sylvatica, Bellier. (1861), Ann. S. Ent. Fr., 29, plt. 2, 11 [=a form of 
anilis, Bdv.] 

r. vicina, Alph. (1882), Mem. Rom., V, 163. (Her. Ross., XVII, 67.) 

ab. virgata, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., WI, 74. _, 

grisescens, Studf. (1893), Berl, e. Zt., 361 [=sylvatica, Bell.] 

r. septentrionalis, Hoffm. (1893), Stett. e. Ztg., LIV, 128. 

r. moesta, Stdgr. (1897), Iris, X, 335. 

_ ssp. bathensis, Lutz. (1901), Ent. Zt., XIV, 162. ; 

ab. aterrima, Const., Att. Soc. Nat. Mod. (5), III, 15 (1916): Seitz 

9348) bes. r4tt, 130s 

r. carpathica, Kauck. (1922), Pols. Pism. Ent., I, 39. 

ab. ochrea, Lenz. (1927), Osth. Schm. Sudbay., II (2), 331. 

ssp. juldussica, Drdt.-Stz. (1934), Supp. Pal. Noct., ILI, 139. 

ssp. lappona, Ranegn. (1935), Ent. Rund., LIT, 233. 

ab. albilinea, Hoffm. (1938), Dansk. Stors., TIT, 310, plt. vi, 21. 


The Nomenclature and Identification of the various forms of this 
species has been found, and is, most intricate and difficult. Perhaps 
the clarification given in Seitz’s 2 volumes, the Main and the Supple- 
ment, may help. 

Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, p. 1381 (1910), before the variety craze 
came fully into the problem, and also great increase in the use of geni- 
talia as a specific character, put the matter thus:—Crino adusta, Esp. 
(porphyrea, Bork. (Scriba) ; aquilina, Brk., and valida, Hb., as synonyms). 
f. vulturina, Frr. (pavida, Bdv., chardinyi, Dup.). duplex, Haw. 
(satura, Steph.). sylvatica, Bellier. (grisescens, Standfs.). septentrion- 
alis, Hoffm. moesta, Stdgr. vicina, Alph. [anilis, Bdv. (albescens, 
Gn.)] is a species. . 

Norrt.—[The Bdv. named pavida was a mere catalogue name from 
the Index Methodicus of Boisduval, 1840, without description and thus 
not valid. Bdv. indicated that pavida was the chardinyi, Dup.] 

Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 139 (1934), corrected Warr.-Stz. 
and brought the matter up to date. They pointed out that pavida, 
Bdy., was not synonymous with vulturina, Frr., and had never been 
correctly described, but that Culot, N. et G., had since given a descrip- 
tion and figure (1910). pavida, (Bdv.) Culot (nec H.-S.). virgata, Tutt, 
f. 17i. ? vulturinea, H.-S. (1845), displaced baltica, Hering (1846), but 
was a Syn. of vultwrina, Frr. (1833). septentrionalis, Hoffmey. car- 
pathica, Kauchi. aterrima, Costm. juldussica, Drdt.-Stz. [sylvatica, 
Bell. (=a form of anilis)], a species. moesta, Stdgr. is not septentrion- 
alis, 171. vicina, Alph., fig. 171. [anilis, Bdv. (not an adusta form], a 
species. 


(172) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XII /1944 


Note.—[ The three synonyms of adusta are accepted, viz., porphyrea, 
Bork. (Scriba), aquilina, Bork., and valida, Hb. The chardinyi, Dup., 
is unnoticed: duplex, Haw. (satura, Steph.), is accepted. | 


Tutt dealt with: (1) the typical adusta, reddish-brown, mottled with 
blackish, with distinct markings; (2) brownish-black or blackish-fuscous, 
markings moderately distinct, duplex, Haw.; (3) pale pedis 
very distinctly marked, ab. virgata, Tutt. 

He also included baltica, Hering, now declared a species, and ab 
satura, Stephens, only a somewhat more unicolorous duplex, Haw., and 
now dropped by authors. 


f. valida, Hb., Samml. Noct., 606-7-8 (1809-13), Text, p. 193. 


Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Thorax deep brown: the forewings dusky, over- 
laid with a few pale spots and scattered marks and a species marked 
with both waved and dotted black: the hindwings dull rough scaling. 
The abdomen also dull-grey.’’ Syn. adusta, Esp. 

Herr. Ochsenheimer considered this, valida and also satwra for a 
single species, they are almost similar to one another. 


f. vulturina, Frr., New. Beitr., I, 119 (1838). 

Fieg.—l.c., plt. 63, f. 1. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘ It is extraordinarily like the Noctuid adusta, it 
also resembles and comes very near thalassina. Its wings are longer 
and narrower. Head, thorax and forewings are of a black-brown ground 
colour, darker than that of adusta. The markings are wholly like those 
of adusta, only the dark sagittate marks between the veins are red- 
brown, but in adusta the orbicular is indistinct. The hindwings of the 
3 of vulturina are white-grey suffused on the fringes and have a nar- 
row curved line. On the underside there is on the forewings of adusta 
more seal-red colour, while vulturina appears more black-brown. In 
adusta the abdomin is reddish-grey, in vultwrina black-grey. These 
are, as I have said, two very closely allied insects, and only when one 
has the two for comparison can one appreciate a distinct difference.’’ 
Herr Dahl’s collection. 


race chardinyi, Dup., N.H. Lep. Fr., Supp. III, 231 (1886). 

Fieg.—l.c., plt. 21, f. 4. 

Oric. Cette. —‘‘ The upper side of the forewings is of a brownish- 
violet, with ferruginous clearings in the centre. Each of these is tra- 
versed by three lines, of which two are grey and one white; the first 
from the base is waved and bordered with black on the outside; the 
second, also bordered with black, but inside is sinuous and dentate as 
a saw with a white dot at the end of each tooth, the third is angulate 
and forms a well marked M at its middle. Against this last line on 
the inner side there lie a row of sagittate spots. There is also seen near 
the base the rudiments of a fourth line. The two ordinary stigmata, 
situated as usual between the two first lines are of a whitish-grey and 
finely margined with black. The reniform is regular the orbicular is 
misshapen and extends to the costa, where the end is marked by three 
white points. Below the orbicular a black mark is seen in the form of 
U sideways. The fringe is of the ground colour, dotted with white and 
separated from the margin by a thread of the same colour, preceded by 


‘ 


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Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are _ inserted on condition that the 
AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations. 


TO OUR READERS. 
Short Collecting Notes and Current Notes. Please, Early.—Eds. 
—— a SESS 


EXCHANGES. 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. 
They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, “‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Wanted urgently for experimental purposes, ova or larvae (forced) of A. caia 
which are not going into hibernation—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, 
Surrey. 


Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than ab. lutea and 
ab. bimacula. Duplicates—British L. l-album, exigua, cribrum, ocellaris ab. 
intermedia, etc.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. 


Wanted—American Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the 
Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. 
Write K. J. Hayward, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Calle Miguel Lillo 205, Tucuman,’ 
Republica Argentina. 


Duplicates—Rhopalocera from China and Peru, in papers, perfect condition, 
with data. Desiderata—Similar material except from North America.— 
John W. Moore, 151 Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 30. 


Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or 
from any other animal.—H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, 
Somerset. 


Wanted.—Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all regions including British Isles. 
Also wanted other species of Chrysophanids from all areas. Exchange or 
purchase considered. Duplicates._Foreign Lepidoptera, e.g., Satyrids, 
Charaxes, -Papilios, and others; full lists sent.—P. Siviter Smith, 66 Stirling 
Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 16. 


Book Wanted.—Barrett, British Lepidoptera, Vol. 3; also Brady or-Gurney Cabinet, 
20 or 40 drawers.—L. E. Savage, 65 Cranmer Avenue, Hove 4, Sussex. 


Books Wanted.—* Draudt-Seitz Suppt., Vol. III (Noctuae),”? English preferred.— 
A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”? Pulborotgh, Sussex. 


Desiderata.—Frohawk, F. W. “ Varieties of British Butterflies ” (1988). Buck- 
ler’s British Larvae (’86-’01). For disposal, “‘ Entomologist’s Record,’ com- 
plete, Vols. 1-28 hif. cf., 29-55 wrappers.—A. F. L. Bacon, The Malt House, — 
Burghclere, Newbury. 


Wanted for cash or exchange many species of ova, larvae and pupae, including 
A. grossulariata larvae in large numbers. Offers also Tutt’s British Lepidop- 
tera, vols. 1, 2 and 3; Barrett (small edition), vols. 3, 4,5 and 6; Tutt’s British 
Noctua and their Varieties, vols. 2, 3 and 4.—Pickard, 36 Storeys Way, Cam- 
bridge. : 

Wanted.—Unbound volumes of Entomologist’s Record prior to 1936, clean copies 
only, in wrappers as issued —P. B. M. Allan, Aberhafesp, Newtown, Mont- 
gomeryshire. 


Wanted.—Pieris napi, varieties, local races, or any unusual forms. Also draw- 
ings on loan, or particulars of same, for figuring. Will exchange or pur- 
chase.—J. Antony Thompson, Bishopswood, Prestatyn, Flintshire. 

Wanted.—Aberrational forms of Maniola tithonus. Purchase or exchange con- 
sidered.—S. G. Castle Russell, Springetts, Seaview Road, Highcliffe-on-Sea. 

Wanted.—Males of Morpha menelaus, M. didius, M. rhetenor in papers.—Leonard 
Tatchell, 121 King’s Road W., Swanage, Dorset. : 

For Disposal.—Seitz, Palaearctic Rhopalocera, Vol. I (bound in 2 Vols, Text and — 
Plates). Stainton, Natural History of the Tineina, volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9. 
What offers?—Thomas Greer, The Bungalow, Sandholes, Cookstown, Co. 
Tyrone - 


25 


* 
Fes 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


WAR-TIME ARRANGEMENTS. 

Royal Entomological Society of London, 41 Queen’s Gate, S.W.7: First Wed- 
nesday in the month at 3.30 pm. South London Entomological and Natural 
History Society, Chapter House Hall, St Thomas’ Street, S.E.1: Second Saturday 
in the month at 2.0 for 2.30 p.m. London Natural History Society, London School 
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1: Indoor 
Meetings discontinued at present. 


55 AST SPA EYEE RE TEEN SEES STE EEN ESS EI I YE SEE AIOE IE LOSE EISEN BARE RI SERGE LE DN EN IEEE EIT SL PTT LE ELE 


Communications promised :—T. B. Fletcher, Dr BSA: Cockayne, J. E. Collin, 
H. Donisthorpe, Dr Malcolm Burr, H. A. Leeds, Prof. J. W. Harrison, Hy. J. 
Turner, J. R. Whellan, Russell James, P. Siviter Smith, T. Greer, S. Taylor, 
Capt. C. Q. Parsons, J. F. Bird, Com. G. Harper. , 


All Communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. 
TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. ; 


J. J. HILL & SON, 


ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS, 
YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.1o. "Phone: WILLESDEN 0309. 


SEVERAL CHEAP STORAGE INSECT CABINETS FOR DISPOSAL. 
Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. 


4 


BACK VOLUMES OF 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION. 


(First Series, Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


Owing to stocks getting low, it is now impossible to supply odd 
copies of back volumes. 

Orders for complete volumes only can be accepted. Librarians and 
others requiring the complete set of Vols. I to XXXVI (both inclusive) 
are advised to make early application, as a few of the Volumes will 
soon be out of print. 

Vol. I and Vol. II are now issued at one guinea each. The rest at 
12s 6d per Vol. 

To be obtained only from :— 

Mr H. E. PAGE, 
9 Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E.3, 


to whom cheques, etc., should be made payable. 


J } 


ig EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 


Price List No 33: 5000 Species. Post Free on Application. 


W. F. H. ROSENBERG, 
94 WHITCHURCH LANE, EDGWARE, M’ddx. 


Printed by T. Buncle & Co., Ltd., Arbroath. 


‘NQONNL UT 


3 2044 072 176 423 


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